قائمة آلهة الجزيرة العربية قبل الإسلام

نقش سبئي يذكر الآلهة عثتر، ألمقه، ذات الحميم، ذات بعدان، ود.

شكلت الآلهة جزءًا من المعتقدات الدينية الشركية في شبه الجزيرة العربية قبل الإسلام، ووصلتنا أسماء العديد من هذه الآلهة. [1] كان تعدد الآلهة حتى القرن الرابع الميلادي تقريبًا هو الشكل السائد للدين في شبه الجزيرة العربية. كانت الآلهة تمثل قوى الطبيعة، والحب، والموت، وما إلى ذلك، وكان المتعبدون يتفاعلون معها من خلال مجموعة متنوعة من الطقوس.

وكانت مجامع الآلهة الرسمية أكثر وضوحًا على مستوى الممالك، بأعداد آلهة متباينة، تتراوح من دول المدن البسيطة إلى مجموعات القبائل. [2] ويقال بحسب المصادر الإسلامية إن الكعبة وحدها كانت تحتوي على ما يصل إلى 100 صورة للعديد من الآلهة والإلهات. [3] كان للقبائل والمدن والعشائر والأنساب والعائلات طوائفها الخاصة أيضًا. يقترح كرستيان روبان أن هذا الهيكل للعالم الإلهي يعكس المجتمع في ذلك الوقت. [2]

كثير من الآلهة لم تحمل أسماءاً وإنما يُشار إليها بألقابها أو صفة أو علاقة نَسَب معها أو مكان عبادتها (ذو كذا، ذات كذا). [2]

مجمع الآلهة

المجمع الآلهة
آلهة شمال الجزيرة العربية (المَعديَّة/المَدَنيَّة) (بما في ذلك الأنباط ، التدمريون ، والقيداريون) أبغال، Abirillu، عَائِم، اللات، عميانس، A'ra، أرصو، أسيرة، عثتر سمين، Atarquruma، باجير، داي، ذات أنواط، ذو الشرى، فلس، جَد، هُبل، إساف ونائلة، الكُتبي، مناف، مناة، نهى، نُخَي، شيع القوم، قُزَح، رضى، سعد، سواع، ثياندريوس، ‌الأُقَيْصِر، العزى
جنوب الجزيرة العربية (اليمنية/الحميرية) مجمع الآلهة (السبئيين، الحميريين، المعينيين، القتبانيين، الحضرميين) عائم، إلمقه، عم، أنباي، أرنيدع، أثيرة، عثتر، بلو، بَشام، ذات بعدان، ذات حميم، ذات صنت، ذات ظهران، ذو الخلصة، جَد، هوبس، حوكم، حول، نسر، نكرح، قينان، شمس، سيان، تألب، ود، يغوث، يثع، يعوق

قائمة أبجدية

الاسم الوصف مذكور في:
نقوش ما قبل الإسلام الموروث الإسلامي
عم 'Amm is the moon god of Qataban.[4] His attributes include the lightning bolts.[4] Amm is served by the judge-god Anbay and has the goddess Athirat as his consort.[5][6] Qatabanians are also known as Banu Amm, or "children of Amm". مذكور في النقوش[ا]
عميانس 'Ammi'anas is a god worshipped by the Khawlan. According to the Book of Idols, the Khawlan would offer a portion of their livestock property and land products and give one part to 'Ammi'anas and the other to God.[7] While no epigraphic evidence of this god is known, the existence of 'Ammi'anas cannot be ruled out as his name is present in the personal name of a Khawlanite leader. مذكور في الموروث
عثتر 'Athtar is the god associated with the planet Venus and was the most common god to south Arabian cultures. He is a god of thunderstorms and natural irrigation. As Athtar was considered remote, worship was usually directed to the patron deity of a kingdom/culture. مذكور في النقوش
عائم A'im is a god who was worshipped by the Azd of al-Sarah.[8] مذكور في الموروث
A'ra A'ra, known in Greek as Aarras, is a north Arabian tutelary god known from inscriptions in Bosra. The name implies a holy place or an altar, but its Arabic root also means "to dye". It is implied that many sacrifices (which may include children) were offered to the cult image, staining it with blood.[9] Equated with the Nabataean Dushara who was also worshipped as Dushara-A'ra. مذكور في النقوش
أبغال Abgal is a tutelary god worshipped by nomads, including bedouins,[10] and a tutelary god of the Arabs of the Palmyra region. His name is found in inscriptions dating to the times of the Palmyrene Empire, but none in Palmyra itself.[11] مذكور في النقوش
Abirillu Abirillu is a god mentioned in an آشور inscription.[12] مذكور في النقوش
إلمقه Almaqah was the chief-god of the Sabaeans, and a god of artificial irrigation. Associated with the bull's head and vines, he was regarded as the progenitor of the Sabaeans, and his worship spread to the Ethiopian kingdoms of دعمت and Kingdom of Aksum. مذكور في النقوش
أنباي Anbay is a god worshipped in Qataban, alongside Hawkim, as gods of "command and decision". He was regarded as a deity of justice and an oracle, in attendance to the moon deity Amm. Anbay's name was invoked in a range of legal matters, from filing paperwork for the legal title of a building to the royal regulation of water supplies. His name is related to the name of the Babylonian god Nabu. مذكور في النقوش
أرنيدع مذكور في النقوش
أرصو Arsu is a northern Arabian god worshipped in Palmyra. He personifies the evening star, while the morning star is personified by Azizos, and he is associated with horses and camels. He is equated with Ruda, who was worshipped elsewhere in northern Arabia. مذكور في النقوش
Ashar Ashar is one of the nomadic gods of the Arabs during the Palmyrene Empire period, along with Azizos, Ma'n, Abgal, Sha'd, and Mun'im. مذكور في النقوش
Asira Asira is named in an inscription listing the deities of Tayma. مذكور في النقوش
Atarquruma Atarquruma is a god worshipped by the Qedarites mentioned in an Assyrian inscription.[12] He probably originated as a form of Athtar, who in Saba was associated with Kurum, thought to be a hypostasis or a consort of Athtar. مذكور في النقوش
عثتر سمين Atarsamain is a deity of uncertain gender, worshipped among the Qedarites, and was associated with Venus. He was particularly worshipped by the Isamme tribe. مذكور في النقوش
أثيرة Athirat is a goddess worshipped in Qataban as the consort of 'Amm. Cognate to the West Semitic Athirat/Asherah who usually has El as her consort. مذكور في النقوش
عثتر الشارق Athtar Shariqan is a form of Athtar who was invoked as an avenger against enemies. The word "Shariqan" means "the Eastern One". The worship of this god has spread to the Central Arabian kingdom of Kindah, where his name appears in Qaryat al-Fawt. مذكور في النقوش
Bajir Bajir is a minor god of the Azd. مذكور في الموروث
بلو Balaw is a god worshipped in the kingdom of Awsan alongside Wadd. مذكور في النقوش
بشام Basamum is a god worshipped in South Arabia whose name may be derived from Arabic basam, or balsam, a medicinal plant, indicating that he may be associated with healing or health.[13][14] One ancient text relates how Basamum cured two wild goats/ibexes.[13] مذكور في النقوش
Dai Dai is named in an Assyrian inscription.[12] مذكور في النقوش
Datin Datin is a god primarily known from inscriptions in northern Arabia, but his function is unknown.[15] مذكور في النقوش
ذات أنواط Dhat-Anwat is a tree deity worshipped by the Quraysh. The tree stood between Mecca and Yathrib, and devotees hang their weapons on it. مذكور في الموروث
ذات بعدان Dhat-Badan is a goddess of the oasis, worshipped in tree-circled pools. مذكور في النقوش
ذات صنت Dhat-Sanat is a Qatabanian goddess who formed part of their official pantheon. مذكور في النقوش
ذات ظهران Dhat-Zahran is a Qatabanian goddess who formed part of their official pantheon. مذكور في النقوش
ذو الغابة ذو غيبة أو ذو الغابة (في النقوش: ذ غ ب ت)، يُعد الإله الرئيس عند اللحيانيين، الذين نادرًا ما يلجأون إلى الآخرين لتلبية احتياجاتهم. مذكور في النقوش
ذو الكفين Dhu al-Kaffayn is, according to the Book of Idols, a god worshipped by the Daws, specifically the banu-Munhib ibn-Daws. His name means "he of the two palms".[16] مذكور في الموروث
ذو الخلصة Dhul Khalasa is a god worshipped by the Bajila and the Khath'am tribes, and was reportedly worshipped as a "god of redemption". His temple became known as the Kaaba of Yemen. مذكور في الموروث
ذو سماوي Dhu-Samawi, literally "the Heavenly One", is a god who probably originated from northern Arabia, but also found worship in south Arabia. The Bedouin would offer votive statuettes of camels, to ensure well-being of their herds. The Amir tribe also worshipped this god, and in inscriptions Dhu-Samawi was regarded as the "god of Amir". مذكور في النقوش
ذو الشرى Dhu al-Shara/Dushara is a mountain god worshipped primarily by the Nabataeans as their chief-god, and also by the Banū al-Hārith ibn-Yashkur ibn-Mubashshir clan of the Azd. Probably originating as an aspect of Ruda, he is associated with the Sun and the planet Mercury. مذكور في النقوش مذكور في الموروث
فلس Fils is a god who, according to the Book of Idols, is associated with animals, and that animals roaming in the territory of his cult image would become a property of the god.[17] Primarily worshipped by the Tayy tribe, his cult image and sanctuary was said to be located on the Jabal Aja.[17] مذكور في الموروث
جد Gad is a pan-Semitic god of fortune who is also attested in Arabia. مذكور في النقوش
Ghayyan Ghayyan is a god worshipped by the Banu Umayya of the Aws tribe.[18] Since Ghayyan's name can be traced in the traditional genealogy of the Umayya, it is possible that Ghayyan is a deified ancestor.[18] مذكور في الموروث
Al-Harish Al-Harish is a god worshipped by the Banu 'Abd al-Ashhal of the Aws tribe.[18] Since al-Harish's name can be traced in the traditional genealogy of the 'Abd al-Ashhal, it is possible that al-Harish is a deified ancestor.[18] مذكور في الموروث
هوبس Haubas is an oracular deity of the Sabaeans. The deity's gender varies from area to area; in places where the deity is female, she is regarded as the consort of Athtar. مذكور في النقوش
حوكم Haukim is a god of law and justice, worshipped alongside Anbay as gods of "command and decision". His name is derived from the root "to be wise". مذكور في النقوش
حول Hawl was probably a moon god, as his name may have alluded to the lunar cycle. He was worshipped in Hadhramawt. مذكور في النقوش
هلال Hilal is a god of the new moon.
هبل Hubal is a god associated with divination. His cult image stood in the Kaaba, and his rituals were in the form of throwing divination arrows before the image, in cases of virginity, death and marriage.[19] He is worshipped by many tribes, including the Quraysh, who controlled access to the image. Hubal's name also appears in a Nabataean inscription in Mada'in Saleh, along with Dushara and Manat. مذكور في النقوش مذكور في الموروث
إساف ونائلة Isaf and Na'ila are a pair of deities, a god and a goddess, whose cult was centered near the Well of Zamzam. Islamic tradition gave an origin story to their cult images; a couple who were petrified by Allah as they fornicated inside the Kaaba. مذكور في الموروث
جلسد Al-Jalsad is a god worshipped by the Kindah in Hadhramawt. مذكور في الموروث
Jihar Jihar is a god worshipped by the Banu Hawazin. His image stood in 'Ukaz. Jihar is invoked in a talbiyah for longevity. مذكور في الموروث
كَهْل Kahl is the patron god of the Kindah kingdom whose capital was Qaryat al-Faw.[20] The town was called Dhat Kahl after him. His name appears in the form of many inscriptions and rock engravings on the slopes of the Tuwayq, on the walls of the souk of the village, in the residential houses and on the incense burners. مذكور في النقوش
الكتبي Al-Kutbay is a god of writing worshipped by the Nabataeans. مذكور في النقوش
اللات Al-Lat is a goddess associated with fertility and war. Her cult was spread throughout the Arabian Peninsula and as far as Palmyra. She was equated with Athena, the Greek goddess of war. In the Hejaz region, she was especially worshipped by the Banu Thaqif of Ta'if, and she was also worshipped by the Nabataeans of North Arabia. There is also evidence of her worship in South Arabia and Qedar, with her name being attested in inscriptions. In Islamic tradition, her worship was ended with the destruction of her shrine in Ta'if. مذكور في النقوش مذكور في الموروث
Ma'n Ma'n is one of the nomadic gods of the Arabs in Palmyra, paired with Sha'd. Ma'n's feast at Palmyra was celebrated on the sixteenth of August, on which meals of beef were feasted. The name Ma'n was also attested in Nabataean names, as well as the names of members of Edessa's royal family. مذكور في النقوش
مَلِك Malik is a god attested in northern Arabian inscriptions. His name means "king". مذكور في النقوش
مناف Manaf is a god, described by Muslim scholar At-Tabari as "one of the greatest deities of Mecca", although little information is available about him. He is attested in the Hauran as Zeus Manaphos, equated with Zeus. [21] It is said that women would keep his image away during menstruation. Some scholars suggest that Manaf might be a solar god.[22] مذكور في النقوش مذكور في الموروث
مناة Manāt is the goddess of fate, destiny and death. In Nabataean and Latin inscriptions she was known as Manawat. She is an ancient goddess, predating both Al-Lāt and Al-'Uzzá. She was associated with Dushara and Hubal, and was equated with the Greek goddess Nemesis. She became the chief goddess of both the Banu Aws and Banu Khazraj, the two polytheistic tribes of Yathrib (Medina). In Islamic tradition, her worship was ended with the destruction of her shrine in the shore of al-Qudayd. مذكور في النقوش مذكور في الموروث
المحرق Al-Muharriq is a god worshipped by the Banu Bakr ibn Wa'il and the rest of the Banu Rabi'ah, as well as by the Banu Tamim. His name means "the burner". مذكور في الموروث
مُنعِم Mun'im, rendered in Greek as Monimos, was one of the nomadic gods of the Arabs during the Palmyrene Empire period, along with Azizos, Ma'n, Abgal, Sha'd, and Ashar. مذكور في النقوش
نبعل Nab'al was a god worshipped in Kaminahu. مذكور في النقوش
نسر Nasr is a god worshipped by the Himyarites and, according to the Book of Idols, was worshipped in a place called Balkha.[23] The tribe of Rabi`ah worshipped the god Nasr.[24] مذكور في النقوش مذكور في الموروث
نكرح Nikrah is a god associated with healing worshipped by the Minaeans. His shrine was an asylum for dying people and women in childbirth.
نهى Nuha is a goddess associated with the Sun. She was also associated with emotions, as described in various inscriptions in Najd, Saudi Arabia. مذكور في النقوش
Nuhm Nuhm is a god worshipped by the Muzaynah, who named their children Abd-Nuhm after him. مذكور في الموروث
Al-Qayn Al-Qayn is a god worshipped by the Banu 'Amr ibn 'Awf of the Aws tribe.[18] مذكور في الموروث
قينان Qaynan is a Sabaean god, and based on etymology, might be a god of smiths. مذكور في النقوش
Qaysha مذكور في النقوش
قزح Quzah is a weather and a mountain god, as well as a god of the rainbow, worshipped by the people of Muzdalifah. His attribute is the bow and arrows of hailstones.[25] He was probably syncretized with the Edomite god Qos and became known as qaws quzah.[26] مذكور في الموروث
رضى Ruda is an important solar god in North Arabia. He is named in an Assyrian inscription as Ruldaiu and is frequently mentioned in Thamudic and Safaitic inscriptions. Dushara may have originated as a form of Ruda. مذكور في النقوش مذكور في الموروث
سعد Sa'd is a god of fortune worshipped by the Banu Kinanah tribe. His cult image was a tall stone situated in the desert, and animals were sacrificed there for blessings. مذكور في الموروث
السعيدة Al-Sa'ida was a god whose cult image stood on Mount Uhud, but it is not known if he was worshipped in a temple (haram). مذكور في الموروث
Sakhr Sakhr is a god worshipped by the Banu Haritha of the Aws tribe.[18] مذكور في الموروث
Salm مذكور في النقوش
Al-Samh Al-Samh is a god worshipped by the Banu Zurayq of the Khazraj tribe.[18] مذكور في الموروث
Sha'd Sha'd was one of the nomadic gods of the Arabs in Palmyra, paired with Ma'n. مذكور في النقوش
Shafr Shafr is a god worshipped by the Banu Khatma of the Aws tribe.[18] مذكور في الموروث
شمس Shams/Shamsum is a female solar deity, possibly related to the Canaanite Shapash and the broader middle-eastern Shamash. She was the dominant goddess of the Himyarite Kingdom, and possibly still revered in some form by the Bedouin for several centuries afterward.[27][28][29][30] مذكور في النقوش مذكور في الموروث
شيع القوم Shay al-Qawm, "who he accompanies the people", is a god associated with war and the night and protection of caravans, primarily attested in Safaitic and, although less frequently, Nabataean. He is described as a god "who drinks no wine, who builds no home". Shay al-Qawm is also attested in Palmyra in an inscription dedicated by a Nabataean. It is possible that the Lihyanite deity QM (Qawm) is a hypocoristic of his name . مذكور في النقوش
Shingala Shingala was named in an inscription listing the deities of Tayma. مذكور في النقوش
Su'ayr Su'ayr is an oracular god of the 'Anazzah tribe. مذكور في الموروث
سواع Suwa' is a god worshipped by the Hudhayl tribe. مذكور في الموروث
سيان Syn was the chief-god of the Hadhramites. His role is disputed; while he may be connected to the Moon, and by extension, the Semitic god Sin, his symbol is the eagle, a solar symbol. مذكور في النقوش
تألب Ta'lab is a moon god primarily worshipped by the Sum'ay, a Sabaean tribal confederation which consisted of the tribes Hashid, Humlan and Yarsum. He was also associated with pastures. He had an important temple in Riyam. مذكور في النقوش
ثياندريوس Theandrios is the Greek name of a god worshipped by the Arab tribes of Mount Hermon. مذكور في النقوش
الأقيصر Al-Uqaysir is a god whose cult image stood in سوريا. According to the Book of Idols, his adherents include the tribes of Quda'a، Banu Lakhm, Judhah, Banu Amela, and Ghatafan. Adherents would go on a pilgrimage to the cult image and shave their heads, then mix their hair with wheat, "for every single hair a handful of wheat."[31] مذكور في الموروث
العزى Al-'Uzzá is a goddess associated with might, protection and love. Equated with the Greek goddess Aphrodite, she was an important goddess of the Nabataeans, and a temple dedicated to her was set up at Petra. In the Hejaz, she became the chief goddess of the Quraysh, and a shrine housing three trees once stood in Nakhla. In pre-Islamic poetry, she was invoked as a symbol of beauty. In South Arabia, she was known as Uzzayān and she was associated with healing. In Islamic tradition, her worship was ended with the destruction of her shrine in Nakhla. مذكور في النقوش مذكور في الموروث
ود Wadd is the national god of the Minaeans and he was also associated with snakes. According to the Book of Idols, the Kalb worshipped him in the form of a man and is said to have represented heaven, and his cult image reportedly stood at Dumat al-Jandal. مذكور في النقوش مذكور في الموروث
اليعبوب Al-Ya'bub is a god that belonged to the Jadilah clan of Tayy, who according to the Book of Idols abstained from food and drink before him.[32] It is said that the clan originally worshipped a different cult image until the tribe Banu Asad took it away from them.[32] مذكور في الموروث
يعوق Ya'uq is a god worshipped by the Khaywin. مذكور في الموروث
يغوث Yaghūth is a god worshipped by the Madhhij, a Qahtanite confederation. The people of Jurash in Yemen also worshipped him. مذكور في الموروث
يثع يثع، هو إله مرتبط بالخلاص. اسمه يعني «المنقذ». مذكور في النقوش

مراجع

  1. ^ Hoyland 2002، صفحة 139.
  2. ^ ا ب ج Robin, Christian Julien, "South Arabia, Religions in Pre-Islamic", in McAuliffe 2005، صفحات 87
  3. ^ Armstrong، Karen (2000). Islam: A Short History. ص. 11. ISBN:0-8129-6618-X.
  4. ^ ا ب Jordan 2014، صفحة 16.
  5. ^ Jordan 2014، صفحة 20.
  6. ^ Jordan 2014، صفحة 37.
  7. ^ al-Kalbi 1952، صفحة 37.
  8. ^ al-Kalbi 1952، صفحة 35.
  9. ^ Jordan 2014، صفحة 26.
  10. ^ Jordan 2014، صفحة 1.
  11. ^ Teixidor 1979، صفحة 81.
  12. ^ ا ب ج Hoyland 2002، صفحة 134.
  13. ^ ا ب Lurker 2015، صفحة 56.
  14. ^ Jordan 2014، صفحة 47.
  15. ^ Jordan 2014، صفحة 72.
  16. ^ al-Kalbi 1952، صفحة 32.
  17. ^ ا ب al-Kalbi 1952، صفحة 51.
  18. ^ ا ب ج د ه و ز ح Lecker, Michael, "Idol Worship in Pre-Islamic Medina (Yathrib)", in Peters 2017، صفحات 130
  19. ^ Peters 1994، صفحة 109.
  20. ^ Hoyland 2002، صفحة 40.
  21. ^ Cook، A. B. (21 أكتوبر 2010). Zeus: A Study in Ancient Religion. ISBN:9781108021234. مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-10-17.
  22. ^ Coulter & Turner 2013، صفحة 305.
  23. ^ al-Kalbi 1952، صفحة 10.
  24. ^ John F. Healey, Venetia Porter. Studies on Arabia in Honour of G. Rex Smith. Oxford University Press. p. 93
  25. ^ Jordan 2014، صفحة 260.
  26. ^ Teixidor 2015، صفحة 90.
  27. ^ J. F. Breton (Trans. Albert LaFarge), Arabia Felix From The Time Of The Queen Of Sheba, Eighth Century B.C. To First Century A.D., 1998, University of Notre Dame Press: Notre Dame (IN), pp. 119-120.
  28. ^ Julian Baldick (1998). Black God. Syracuse University Press. p. 20. (ردمك 0815605226).
  29. ^ Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions, 1999 - 1181 páginas
  30. ^ J. Ryckmans, "South Arabia, Religion Of", in D. N. Freedman (Editor-in-Chief), The Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1992, Volume 6, op. cit., p. 172
  31. ^ al-Kalbi 1952، صفحة 42.
  32. ^ ا ب al-Kalbi 1952، صفحة 54.

مصادر

  • Becking، Bob؛ Horst، Pieter Willem van der (1999)، Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible، Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing، ISBN:9780802824912
  • Coulter، Charles Russel؛ Turner، Patricia (2013)، Encyclopaedia of Ancient Deities، Routledge، ISBN:978-1135963903
  • Hitti، Phillip K. (2002)، History of The Arabs (ط. Revised)، Macmillan International Higher Education، ISBN:9781137039828
  • Hoyland، Robert G. (2002)، Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam، Routledge، ISBN:1134646348
  • Jordan، Michael (2014)، Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses، Infobase Publishing، ISBN:978-1438109855
  • al-Kalbi، Ibn (1952)، Book of Idols, Being a Translation from the Arabic of the Kitāb al-Asnām (Translation and Commentary by Nabih Amin Faris)، Princeton University Press
  • Lurker، Manfred (2015)، A Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses, Devils and Demons، Routledge، ISBN:9781136106200
  • Peters، Francis E. (2017)، The Arabs and Arabia on the Eve of Islam، Routledge، ISBN:9781351894791
  • Peters، Francis E. (1994)، Muhammad and the Origins of Islam، SUNY Press، ISBN:9780791418758، مؤرشف من الأصل في 2023-10-18
  • Teixidor، Javier (2015) [1977]، The Pagan God: Popular Religion in the Greco-Roman Near East، Princeton University Press، ISBN:9781400871391
  • Teixidor، Javier (1979)، The Pantheon of Palmyra، Brill Archive، ISBN:9004059873
  • Trombley، Frank R. (1993)، Hellenic Religion and Christianization: C. 370-529، BRILL، ISBN:9789004096240

معاينة المراجع

  1. ^ Attested in archaeological and/or epigraphic evidence