Antarctic Cold Reversal
The Antarctic Cold Reversal (ACR) was an millennial scale episode of cooling in the climate history of the Earth during the Deglaciation, which took place at the end of the last ice age, and is generally recorded in the polar to temperate regions of the southern hemisphere.[1] It illustrates the complexity of the climate changes at the transition from the Pleistocene to the Holocene Epochs.
The Last Glacial Maximum and sea-level minimum occurred c. 21,000 years before present (BP). Antarctic ice cores show gradual warming beginning 3,000 years later. At about 14,700 BP, there was a large pulse of meltwater, identified as Meltwater pulse 1A,[2] probably from either the Antarctic ice sheet[3] or the Laurentide Ice Sheet.[4] Meltwater pulse 1A produced a marine transgression that raised global sea level about 20 meters in two to five centuries and is thought to have influenced the start of the Bølling/Allerød interstadial, the major break with glacial cold in the Northern Hemisphere. Meltwater pulse 1A was followed in Antarctica and the Southern Hemisphere by a renewed cooling, the Antarctic Cold Reversal, in c. 14,500 BP,[5] which lasted for two millennia—an instance of warming causing cooling.[6] The ACR brought an average cooling of perhaps 3 °C. The Younger Dryas cooling, in the Northern Hemisphere, began while the ACR was still ongoing, and the ACR ended in the midst of the Younger Dryas.[7]
This pattern of climate decoupling between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres and of "southern lead, northern lag" would manifest in subsequent climate events. The cause or causes of this hemispheric decoupling, of the "lead/lag" pattern and of the specific mechanisms of the warming and cooling trends are still subjects of study and dispute among climate researchers. The specific dating and intensity of the Antarctic Cold Reversal are also under debate.[8]
The ACR was associated with a major resurgence of glaciers on the island of South Georgia, where the local climate cooled by approximately 2-3 °C.[9]
The onset of the ACR was followed, after about 800 years, by an Oceanic Cold Reversal in the Southern Ocean.[citation needed]
See also
References
- ^ Pedro, Joel B.; Bostock, Helen C.; Bitz, Cecilia M.; He, Feng; Vandergoes, Marcus J.; Steig, Eric J.; Chase, Brian M.; Krause, Claire E.; Rasmussen, Sune O.; Markle, Bradley R.; Cortese, Giuseppe (January 2016). "The spatial extent and dynamics of the Antarctic Cold Reversal". Nature Geoscience. 9 (1): 51–55. Bibcode:2016NatGe...9...51P. doi:10.1038/ngeo2580. ISSN 1752-0908. S2CID 264681317.
- ^ The output of Meltwater pulse 1A has been calculated at 1,000,000 L/s.
- ^ Weber; Clark; Kuhn; Timmermann (5 June 2014). "Millennial-scale variability in Antarctic ice-sheet discharge during the last deglaciation". Nature. 510 (7503): 134–138. Bibcode:2014Natur.510..134W. doi:10.1038/nature13397. PMID 24870232. S2CID 205238911.
- ^ Gregoire, Lauren (11 July 2012). "Deglacial rapid sea level rises caused by ice-sheet saddle collapses" (PDF). Nature. 487 (7406): 219–222. Bibcode:2012Natur.487..219G. doi:10.1038/nature11257. PMID 22785319. S2CID 4403135.
- ^ Oldfield 2005, pp. 97, see also pp. 98–107.
- ^ For a similar warming/cooling instance, see 8.2 kiloyear event.
- ^ Blunier, Thomas; et al., "Phase Lag of Antarctic and Greenland Temperature in the last Glacial...," in Abrantes & Mix 1999, pp. 121–138.
- ^ Cronin 1999, pp. 209–210, 458–459.
- ^ Bakke, Jostein; Paasche, Øyvind; Schaefer, Joerg M.; Timmermann, Axel (16 April 2021). "Long-term demise of sub-Antarctic glaciers modulated by the Southern Hemisphere Westerlies". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 8361. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-87317-5. PMC 8052370. PMID 33863941.
Sources
- Abrantes, Fatima; Mix, Alan C., eds. (1999). Reconstructing Ocean History: A Window into the Future. New York: Kluwer Academic. ISBN 978-0-306-46293-1.
- Blunier, T. J.; et al. (1997). "Timing of the Antarctic Cold Reversal and the atmospheric CO2 increase with respect to the Younger Dryas event". Geophysical Research Letters. 24 (21): 2683–2686. Bibcode:1997GeoRL..24.2683B. doi:10.1029/97GL02658.
- Cronin, Thomas M. (1999). Principles of Paleoclimatology. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-10954-3.
- Ehlers, Jürgen; Gibbard, Philip Leonard (2004). Quaternary Glaciations: Extent and Chronology. Part III: South America, Asia, Africa, Australasia, Antarctica. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-444-51593-3.
- Markgraf, Vera, ed. (2001). Interhemispheric Climate Linkages. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-12-472670-3.
- Oldfield, Frank (2005). Environmental Change: Key Issues and Alternative Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82936-6.