Atlas (architecture)

Baroque atlas at St. Florian Monastery, Austria, by Leonhard Sattler
Atlantes depicting the Moors defeated by Charles V, Porta Nuova, Palermo
Beaux Arts atlantes on Rue Saint-Roch no. 45, Paris, by Bruno Pellissier, 1917

In European architectural sculpture, an atlas (also known as an atlant, or atlante[1] or atlantid; plural atlantes)[2] is a support sculpted in the form of a man, which may take the place of a column, a pier or a pilaster. The Roman term for such a sculptural support is telamon (plural telamones or telamons).[2]

The term atlantes is the Greek plural of the name Atlas—the Titan who was forced to hold the sky on his shoulders for eternity. The alternative term, telamones, also is derived from a later mythological hero, Telamon, one of the Argonauts, who was the father of Ajax.

The caryatid is the female precursor of this architectural form in Greece, a woman standing in the place of each column or pillar. Caryatids are found at the treasuries at Delphi and the Erechtheion on the Acropolis at Athens for Athene. They usually are in an Ionic context and represented a ritual association with the goddesses worshiped within.[3] The Atlante is typically life-size or larger; smaller similar figures in the decorative arts are called terms. The body of many Atlantes turns into a rectangular pillar or other architectural feature around the waist level, a feature borrowed from the term. The pose and expression of Atlantes very often show their effort to bear the heavy load of the building, which is rarely the case with terms and caryatids. The herma or herm is a classical boundary marker or wayside monument to a god which is usually a square pillar with only a carved head on top, about life-size, and male genitals at the appropriate mid-point. Figures that are rightly called Atlantes may sometimes be described as herms.

Atlantes express extreme effort in their function, heads bent forward to support the weight of the structure above them across their shoulders, forearms often lifted to provide additional support, providing an architectural motif. Atlantes and caryatids were noted by the Roman late Republican architect Vitruvius, whose description of the structures,[4] rather than surviving examples, transmitted the idea of atlantes to the Renaissance architectural vocabulary.

Origin

Not only did the Caryatids precede them, but similar architectural figures already had been made in ancient Egypt out of monoliths. Atlantes originated in Greek Sicily and in Magna Graecia, Southern Italy. The earliest surviving atlantes are fallen ones from the Early Classical Greek temple of Zeus, the Olympeion, in Agrigento, Sicily.[5] Atlantes, however, have played a more significant role in Mannerist and Baroque architecture.

During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, many buildings were built with glorious atlantes that look much like the Greek ones. Their selection from the two proposed designs—the other design using Caryatids—for the entrance of the Hermitage Museum that was built for Tsar Nicholas I of Russia made atlantes become even more fashionable. The portico of this building has ten enormous atlantes, approximately three times life-size, carved from Serdobol granite, which were designed by Johann Halbig and executed by the sculptor Alexander Terebenev.

Mesoamerica

Similar carved stone columns or pillars in the shape of fierce men at some sites of Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica are typically called Atlantean figures. These figures are considered to be "massive statues of Toltec warriors".[6]

Examples

Gallery

See also

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Atlantes.
Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article "Atlantes".
  1. ^ Hersey, George, The Lost Meaning of Classical Architecture, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1998 p. 129
  2. ^ a b Aru-Az' Archived 2008-07-04 at the Wayback Machine, Michael Delahunt, ArtLex Art Dictionary Archived 2005-04-24 at the Wayback Machine, 1996–2008.
  3. ^ Harris, Cyril M., ed., Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture, Dover Publications, New York, 1983.
  4. ^ Vitruvius, De Architectura, 6.7.6.
  5. ^ "Dorothy King, "Doric Figured Supports: Vitruvius' Caryatids and Atlantes: 5.2 Atlantes and Telamones"".[permanent dead link]
  6. ^ Evans, Susan (2008). Ancient Mexico and Central America: Archaeology and Culture History. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. p. 42.
  7. ^ Robertson, Jean; Hutton, Deborah (2022). The History of Art: A Global View: Prehistory to the Present. Thames & Hudson. p. 505. ISBN 978-0-500-02236-8.
  8. ^ Hall, William (2019). Stone. Phaidon. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-7148-7925-3.
  9. ^ Irving, Mark (2019). 1001 Buildings You Must See Before You Die. Cassel Illustrated. p. 215. ISBN 978-1-78840-176-0.
  10. ^ Irving, Mark (2019). 1001 Buildings You Must See Before You Die. Cassel Illustrated. p. 217. ISBN 978-1-78840-176-0.
  11. ^ Droth, Martina; Sheriff, Mary D.; Scott, Katie; Hellman, Mimi; Bremer-David, Charissa (2009). Taking Shape - finding sculpture in the decorative arts. The Henry Moore Foundation. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-905462-21-6.
  12. ^ "Café Bibent". pop.culture.gouv.fr. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
  13. ^ Criticos, Mihaela (2009). Art Deco sau Modernismul Bine Temperat - Art Deco or Well-Tempered Modernism (in Romanian and English). SIMETRIA. p. 79. ISBN 978-973-1872-03-2.
  14. ^ "34, avenue Matignon". www.pss-archi.eu. Retrieved 19 November 2023.

Bibliography