E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase CHFR is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CHFRgene.[5][6][7]
CHFR is recruited to sites of DNA damage and participates in the DNA damage response. CHFR has an important role in the survival of male premeiotic germ cells.[8] About 30% of male CHFR knockout mice are infertile.[8] In these knockout mice spermatogenesis onset is delayed and apoptosis in premeiotic germ cells is significantly increased. When these mice are 3 months old there is a complete loss of germ cells in their testes.
Chaturvedi P, Sudakin V, Bobiak ML, et al. (2002). "Chfr regulates a mitotic stress pathway through its RING-finger domain with ubiquitin ligase activity". Cancer Res. 62 (6): 1797–801. PMID11912157.
Mizuno K, Osada H, Konishi H, et al. (2002). "Aberrant hypermethylation of the CHFR prophase checkpoint gene in human lung cancers". Oncogene. 21 (15): 2328–33. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1205402. PMID11948416. S2CID1447106.
Bothos J, Summers MK, Venere M, et al. (2003). "The Chfr mitotic checkpoint protein functions with Ubc13-Mms2 to form Lys63-linked polyubiquitin chains". Oncogene. 22 (46): 7101–7. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1206831. PMID14562038. S2CID34904290.
Mariatos G, Bothos J, Zacharatos P, et al. (2004). "Inactivating mutations targeting the chfr mitotic checkpoint gene in human lung cancer". Cancer Res. 63 (21): 7185–9. PMID14612512.
Shtivelman E (2004). "Promotion of mitosis by activated protein kinase B after DNA damage involves polo-like kinase 1 and checkpoint protein CHFR". Mol. Cancer Res. 1 (13): 959–69. PMID14638868.
Bertholon J, Wang Q, Falette N, et al. (2004). "Chfr inactivation is not associated to chromosomal instability in colon cancers". Oncogene. 22 (55): 8956–60. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1207078. PMID14654793. S2CID8538887.
Satoh A, Toyota M, Itoh F, et al. (2004). "Epigenetic inactivation of CHFR and sensitivity to microtubule inhibitors in gastric cancer". Cancer Res. 63 (24): 8606–13. PMID14695171.
Kang HC, Kim IJ, Park JH, et al. (2005). "Promoter hypermethylation and silencing of CHFR mitotic stress checkpoint gene in human gastric cancers". Oncol. Rep. 12 (1): 129–33. doi:10.3892/or.12.1.129. PMID15201973.
Daniels MJ, Marson A, Venkitaraman AR (2004). "PML bodies control the nuclear dynamics and function of the CHFR mitotic checkpoint protein". Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 11 (11): 1114–21. doi:10.1038/nsmb837. PMID15467728. S2CID246702.