Clay-colored thrush
| Clay-colored thrush | |
|---|---|
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| In Panama | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Turdidae |
| Genus: | Turdus |
| Species: | T. grayi
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| Binomial name | |
| Turdus grayi Bonaparte, 1838
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The clay-colored thrush (Turdus grayi) is a common Middle American bird of the thrush family (Turdidae). It is the national bird of Costa Rica, where it is well known as the yigüirro (Spanish: [ʝi'ɣwiro]). Other common names include clay-colored robin.[1]
Distribution and habitat
It ranges from South Texas (where it is rapidly expanding its range) to northern Colombia. West and north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, it is limited to the Atlantic slope, except for a population around Oaxaca City, Mexico that probably originates from escaped cage birds. In much of its range it is familiar in yards and gardens, similar to some other thrushes such as the American robin, the Eurasian blackbird, and the song thrush.
Description
In general appearance and habits it resembles other Turdus thrushes such as the American robin. It is about the same length or slightly smaller: 23–27 cm (9.1–10.6 in), and weighs 74–76 g (2.6–2.7 oz) on average. The plumage is brownish, somewhat lighter below than above, lightest on the flanks. Birds from humid regions are darker than those from dry regions. The throat is faintly streaked. Immature birds have faint mottling on the back and underparts. The bill is greenish-yellow with a dark base, the legs are pinkish or flesh-colored, and the irises are reddish—all useful identification points.
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adult T. g. megas, Guatemala -
juvenile T. g. megas, Honduras
Call
The song, rather low-pitched and with a slow steady tempo, consists of many slurred musical phrases which are often repeated irregularly. The tock flight call is like the American robin's but harsher. T. grayi's dry season mating call is quite region-specific, with noticeable differences in calls just a few hundred miles apart.
Diet
The clay-colored thrush usually forages for fruit[2] or invertebrates on the ground or near it, singly or in pairs, but flocks may feed high in fruiting trees. It will follow army ants to feed on small prey disturbed by the ant columns.
Breeding
It builds a heavy cup nest of grass, moss, feathers, leaves and mud on a firm support above the ground, which may include human constructions such as windowsills. It lays 2 to 4 pale blue eggs with red-brown and gray markings between March and July and may double-brood. It is aggressive in defense of its nest, having been known to mob raptors as large as golden eagles, but is not otherwise particularly territorial. Aggressive defense against brood parasites may explain why it has not evolved complete recognition of brood parasite eggs; it is one of only very few species of birds that are partial ejectors, with only about 25% of individuals ejecting parasitic eggs of the bronzed cowbird.[3]
Culture
In 1977, Costa Ricans chose the yigüirro as a national symbol (over many much more colorful birds that inhabit the country) due to its strong and melodious song that always comes during the start of the rainy season. In addition, unlike many of the forest songsters of Costa Rica, the present bird has been familiar to the general population since the country's early history, thanks to the species' tendency to live near houses and settlements.[4]
References
- ^ a b BirdLife International (2018). "Turdus grayi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22708914A132078490. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22708914A132078490.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- ^ Foster, M. S. (2007). "The potential of fruiting trees to enhance converted habitats for migrating birds in southern Mexico". Bird Conservation International. 17 (1). BirdLife International: 45–61. doi:10.1017/S0959270906000554.
- ^ Rasmussen, J.; Sealy, S. G.; Elliott, M. F.; Elliott, K. H. (2012). "Infrequent ejection of artificial Bronzed Cowbird (Molothrus aeneus) eggs by the Clay-colored Thrush (Turdus grayi) in Costa Rica". Ornitologia Neotropical. 23 (1): 33. Retrieved 5 August 2015.
- ^ "Simbolos Patrios: El Yigüirro" [National Symbols: The Clay-coloured thrush]. museosdecostarica.com (in Spanish). Museos de Costa Rica. Retrieved 15 September 2007.
Further reading
- Skutch, Alexander F. (1960). "Gray's thrush" (PDF). Life Histories of Central American Birds II. Pacific Coast Avifauna, Number 34. Berkeley, California: Cooper Ornithological Society. pp. 66–82.
External links
- The Sights and Sounds of Costa Rica with two .wav files of clay-colored robin songs at naturesongs.com
- "Clay-coloured Thrush media". Internet Bird Collection.
- Clay-colored Thrush photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
- Clay-colored Thrush species account at Neotropical Birds (Cornell Lab of Ornithology)
- Interactive range map of Turdus grayi at IUCN Red List maps