Early Mughal-Sikh Wars

Early Mughal-Sikh Wars
Part of Mughal-Sikh Wars

Guru Hargobind fighting Mughal soldiers
Date1621–1658
Location
Punjab
Result

Sikh victory

Belligerents
Akal Sena (Sikhs)
Assisted by
Kangra State		 Mughal Empire
Commanders and leaders
Sikh Gurus
Guru Hargobind
Guru Har Rai
Sikh Generals
Tyag Mal
Baba Praga
Bhai Mathura
Bhai Parasram †
Bhai Saktu †
Bhai Bidhi Chand
Bhai Mokal
Bhai Jattu
Bhai Jagna
Bhai Singha †
Bhai Mohna †
Bhai Kalyana
Bhai Kirat Bhatt
Bhai Bhanno †
Bhai Peda Das †
Rao Balllu †
Bhai Jetha †
Bhai Jati Mal (WIA)
Bhai Amiya
Bhai Mehar Chand
Baba Gurditta
Bhai Lakhu †
Bhai Desu †
Bhai Sohela †
Bhai Gaura
Assisted by
Rai Jodh (WIA)		 Mughal Emperors
Jahangir I
Shah Jahan I
Mughal Governors
Ghulam Rasul Khan (WIA)
Wazir Khan
Kale Khan †
Qutab Khan †
Abdul Khan †
Lala Beg †
Nahar Khan †
Mughal Generals
Nabi Bakhsh †
Mohammad Khan †
Bairam Khan †
Balwand Khan †
Ali Bakhsh †
Iman Bakhsh †
Nabi Bakhsh †
Karim Bakhsh †
Ratan Chand †
Karam Chand †
Mukhlis Khan †
Shamas Khan †
Murtaza Khan †
Mustafa Khan †
Anwar Khan †
Sultan Beg †
Sayyad Muhammad †
Kamar Beg †
Kasam Beg †
Samas Beg †
Kabul Beg †
Painda Khan  †
Anwar Khan †
Azmat Khan †
Khoja Anwar †
Ahmad Khan †
Fateh Khan †
Zafat Khan
Jamal Khan
Muhammad Yarbeg Khan †
Zalam Khan †
Thude Khan †

The Early Mughal-Sikh Wars were a series of significant armed conflicts between Sikhs and the Mughal Empire, spanning the years of 1621 to 1658, happening primarily in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent. It is distinguished from the Later Mughal-Sikh Wars which saw a continued struggle from the Sikhs towards the Mughals.

Prelude

Guru Arjan had advised his son, Hargobind, to become martially trained when he was a youth.[1] Following Guru Arjan's exeution by Jahangir, the Mughal emperor, the Akal Sena came into being at the same time of the consecration of the Akal Bunga on the 15 June 1606.[2][3][4] The Akal Sena became the army of the Sikhs and was headquartered in Amritsar.[5] Guru Hargobind's army quickly grew in number and Sikhs began to call Guru Hargobind, "true king". A fort was created outside of Amritsar and Guru Hargobind had set up his own court in the Akal Takht.[6][7] Guru Hargobind was eventually summoned to Delhi where he went hunting with Jahangir. Both of them grew close and went to Agra together.[8] In 1609 he was imprisoned in Gawalior Fort by the emperor for reasons that are disputed.[9] Guru Hargobind was eventually let go and had 52 Rajput Kings let go with him.[10] Following his release Guru Hargobind maintained friendly relations with Jahangur while further strengthining the Akal Sena.[9]

Battle between Mughal governor and Sikh

Main article: Battle of Rohilla

In 1621 Guru Hargobind, with his army, began to create the town Rohila also known as Hargobindpur. There a local jagir named Bhagwan Das Ghererh, who was related to Chandu a key man in Guru Arjan's execution, made blasphemous remarks against Sikh gurus. For this he was killed. Two of Chandu's sons, Ratan Chand and Karam Chand, heard of this and appealed for the governor of Jalandhar, Abdul Khan, to send a force. Abdul Khan agreed and assembled an army of 15,000. The generals of the army were: Abdul Khan, Nabi Bakhsh, Mohammad Khan, Bairam Khan, Balwand Khan, Ali Bakhsh, Iman Bakhsh, Nabi Bakhsh, Karim Bakhsh, Ratan Chand, and Karam Chand. Ali and Nabi Bakhsh were Abdul Khan's sons. They marched from Jaladhar to Rohila. The Sikhs were smaller in number. A hard-fought battle occoured. The battle ended in a Sikh victory with each Mughal general being killed along with 14,000 soldiers. The Sikhs lost Bhai Parasram and Bhai Saktu. They were two generals of the Akal Sena.[11][12][13][14]

Battles between Sikh and Shah Jahan

After Guru Hargobind and the Akal Sena's first battle no engagements occurred for 13 years. Shah Jahan became the emperor in 1627. Shah Jahan took a personal interest against the Sikhs. He was intolerant. Shah Jahan destroyed a Gurdwara in Lahore and constructed a Mosque there instead.[15] Shah Jahan's new religious policy in 1632 was to make sure no faith except Islam propagate and to destroy any newly created non-Islamic temples.[16] All of this increased tensions between Sikhs and Mughals. Shah Jahan was further instigated against the Sikh guru by Karam Chand and Meharban, with the aforementioned being sons of Chandu Shah and Prithi Chand, whom had previously succeeding in convincing Jahangir to execute Guru Arjan.[17] Shah Jahan was instigated against the Sikhs by the Naqshbandi movement's leaders.[17]

Battle of Amristar

Main article: Battle of Amritsar (1634)

In 1634 Shah Jahan was hunting near Amritsar. A hawk of his was taken by Sikhs. Shah Jahan's soldiers demanded the Sikh hand the hawk over, but they refused. A clash occurred where two Mughals were killed and the leader of the hunting party, Faujdar Ghulam Rasul Khan, was injured.[18] The emperor already wanted to crush the Sikhs and this incident was used as an excuse to send an army against the Guru.[19]

Shah Jahan sent 7,000 soldiers under Mukhlis Khan to attack Amritsar. Mukhlis Khan was joined by Shamas Khan, Murtaza Khan, and Mustafa Khan. The battle began on Vaisakhi day. The Mughal army attacked in surprise. The Sikhs were busy planning the wedding of Guru Hargobind's daughter and were ill-prepared for battle.[20] There were only 700 Sikh soldiers.[21] The Battle of Amritsar was a two-day battle. On the first day Mughals attack Lohgarh, a mud fort. There were 25 Sikhs in the garrison. The Sikhs used wooden cannons and fought until the end. They killed hundreds of Mughals, but were killed and the Mughals overran Lohgrah.[22][23] The Mughals attacked Guru Hargobind's home, but it was empty and they fell back. Fighting resumed on the second day. Bhai Bhanno was in charge of the Akal Sena. He was killed in battle. Guru Hargobind then took lead of the army. He killed Mukhlis Khan.[24] The entire Mughal army of 7,000 were killed.[25][26] This battle legitimized the Sikhs and destroyed ideas of Mughal invincibility.[24]

Battle of Lahira

Main article: Battle of Lahira

Guru Hargobind moved from Amritsar to Kartarpur. He then started a preaching tour in Malwa.[19] Shah Jahan in retaliation for losses against the Sikhs confiscated two horses belonging to Guru Hargobind in October 1634. The horses were kept in Lahore Fort. Bhai Bidhi Chand retrieved the two horses and brought them back to the Guru.[27][page needed][19] Rai Jodh, the king of Kagra, was with Guru Hargobind at the time.[28] Shah Jahan was enraged upon hearing the horses were gone. He planned to personally launch a campaign against the Guru. He was talked out of this by Wazir Khan. Shah Jahan asked who was brave enough to face Guru Hargobind. Lala Beg the governor of Kabul rose up. He was given robes of honour and over 35,100 troops to subdue Guru Hargobind. He brought with him 4 other generals: his brother, Kamar Beg, Kamar's two sons, Kasam Beg, and Shamas Beg and Lala's nephew Kabul Beg.[29] The Mughal Generals in their desire for a quick victory and with the promise of great rewards marched their soldiers nonstop to the Guru's Position in extreme, bone-chilling winter of the Punjab.[29] Guru Hargobind heard of this a prepared his army. Guru Hargobind's army consisted of 3,000 Sikhs assisted by 1,000 soldiers of Kangra. The Guru's army had set up camp in a jungle and around a lake.[30][31] Before the battle Lala Beg sent a spy named Hussain Khan. Hussain Khan gave intel about Guru Hargobind's army and also praised their valour. This enraged Lala Beg who dismissed him. Hussain Khan then went to Guru Hargobind and joined him. He provided Guru Hargobind with intel about the Mughal army. Guru Hargobind is also said to have blessed Hussain Khan. Guru Hargobind told him that he will become the next governor of Kabul replacing Lala Beg.[32][31]

The battle began 4+1⁄2 hours after sunset on October 15, 1634. Lala Beg had sent Kamar Beg ahead with 7,000 soldiers. Kamabr Beg and his army was seen by Hussain Khan who reported the information to Guru Hargobind and Rai Jodh. Rai Jodh went ahead with his army of 1,000. They attacked Kamar Beg's army from a distance with arrows and matchlock bullets. In the confusiuon of the darkness Kamar Beg's army fought each other. Kamar Beg was killed by Rai Jodh and the entire army of 7,000 was dead within 1 hour and 12 minutes.[31][33] As the sun rose the bodies were seen by Lala Beg. Kamar Beg's son Samas Beg said he would advance and kill the Sikhs. He marched with 7,000 soldiers. Guru Hargobind and Hussain Khan watched from afar. Hussain Khan recommended the Guru send a powerful warrior against Samas Beg. Guru Hargobind sent Bidhi Chand with 500-1500 soldiers. Both sides met and fought each other. The battle went for 1 hour and 30 minutes. Samas Beg was cut in half by Bidhi Chand and his entire army was killed.[31][34] Lala Beg next sent Kasam Beg, whose brother and father had been killed by now, with 7,000 soldiers. Guru Hargobind sent Bhai Jetha with 500 soldiers. Both sides faced each other. There was no organization in the forces. Kasam Beg and his army was killed with Bhai Jetha's entire army dying as well and him being the only survivor. Lala Beg decided to enter the battlefield now. He sent 4,000 soldier to killed Jetha. They encircled Jetha and fired arrows, bullets, and spears Jetha dodged and blocked it all. Jetha killed all of them in 48 minutes. It is said a pool of blood formed.[35][31]

Lala Beg entered the battlefield and began to duel Jetha. Beg fired arrows and they were cut by Jetha. A long hard fought duel occurred. Beg's sword was cut in half. Jetha threw his sword away refusing to hit someone unarmed. They began to kick and punch each other. Jetha manages to wrestle Beg to the ground and leaves him on the ground. Be finds a sword on the ground and pick it up. Jetha punches Beg and stuns him. As Jetha advances Beg strikes Jetha in the head chopping his head off.[31] Jetha's last words are said to be, “Waheguru”.[36] Lala Beg after advances with 3,000 troops. The troops face Jati Mal who fights alone. He kills many before being hit by an arrow from Lala Beg and being knocked out. Guru Hargobind enters the battlefield and duels Lala Beg. The Guru shoots his horse and they duel on foot. All of Beg's attacks are parried and Beg's head is cut off by the Guru in one blow.[36][31] Kabul Beg, the only remaining general of the Mughal army, makes a quick advance with the remaining soldiers. Hussain Khan informs Guru Hargobind. Bidhi Chand, Rai Jodh, and Jati Mal, who had regained consciousness, opposed Kabul Beg. They caused havoc in the by now small Mughal army. Kabul Beg wounds the three Sikh generals with arrows.[36] Kabul Beg also fired arrows at Guru Hargobind which killed his horse.[31] Kabul Beg charged the Guru with many blows all of which were blocked. Guru Hargobind cut Kabul Beg's head off and won the battle.[36] 1,200 Sikhs and 500 soldiers of Kangra were killed. 35,000 Mughals were killed and 100 were taken prisnoer. The 100 were released soon after and went with Hussain Khan to Lahore. Hussain Khan became the new governor of Kabul.[31][36]

Battle of Kartarpur

Main article: Battle of Kartarpur

Following the Battle of Lahira Painda Khan a Pathan general of Guru Hargobind's army, the Akal Sena, betrayed the Guru and sided with the Mughals. He managed to convince Shah Jahan to send a force against Guru Hargobind. Shah Jahan sent an expedition commanded by Kale Khan, the governor of Peshwar whose brother Mukhlis Khan was killed by Guru Hargobind in the Battle of Amritsar.[37] He was joined by Qutub Khan, (Qutab or Kutub, the faujdar of Jalandhar) Kohja Anwar, and Painda Khan.[37][38] Painda was accompanied by his son-in-law, Asman Khan.[39][40] Before the battle began Dhir Mal, the grandson of Guru Hargobind, sent a letter to the Painda Khan stating the Sikhs were small in numbers and could be easily defeated. He promised to aid Painda Khan in any way he could. The battle was fought in April 1635.[37][41]

Guru Hargobind sent Bhai Lakhu and other Sikh generals ahead to defend Kartarpur. They were accompanied with 500 Sikhs. They fought 12,000 Mughals who were advancing.[37] The Sikhs killed many of the Mughals. Kale Khan advanced with 20,000 more troops to support the other Mughals.The Guru dispatched Sikh forces under Bidhi Chand and Jati Malak to hold off Kale Khan and his force.[37][38] Anwar Khan was killed by an arrow from Bidhi Chand. After heavy losses Painda and Asman with their armies entered the battlefield.[42]

Kutab Khan used a cannon to try and stop the Sikhs who were defeating the Mughals. The cannon was ineffective.[43] After Kutab Khan rushed towards the battlefield. He and Bhai Lakhu exchanged arrows, knocking each other to the ground. After Kutab chopped Lakhu's head off with his sword. This boosted the Mughal armies morale and all the generals and the entire army charged the Sikh.[44]

Guru Hargobind met and slew Painda in combat. The Guru spared the dying Paindas life and allowed him to recite the kalma (shahada), and shaded his body from the sun with his shield.[45][46] Gurdita shot Asman, his childhood friend, with an arrow which pierced through his brain.[47][48] Qutub[49] and Kale[45][50] were also killed, in single combat with Guru Hargobind.[51][52] After their last leader fell, the remaining Mughal troops fled.[45][53]

This was the only battle Tyag Mal fought in. Following this battle he would have his name changed to Tegh Bahadur (brave with the sword) because of the valour shown in the battlefield.[54][55]

Battle of Phagwara

Main article: Battle of Phagwara

Guru Hargobind left Karatrpur for Kiratpur soon after his recent victory.[56] While travelling through Phagwara the Sikhs were attacked by a Mughal army under Ahmad Khan, the grandson of Abdulla Khan who died against the Sikhs in the Battle of Rohilla.[57] The Mughals did only minor damage to the Sikhs.[56] Ahmad Khan and Fateh Khan were killed by the Sikh forces.[58] As for the Sikhs, Bhai Desa and Bhai Sohela died in battle.[57]

Minor Engagements

Main article: Battle of Kiratpur

When Guru Hargobind and 22 other Sikhs were travelling near Kiratpur the Mughals, Pathans, Gujars, Ranghars, and other locals of Ropar launched a surprise attack. Guru Hargobind was forced to take shelter in Barhaman Majra where he and the Sikhs held off the Mughal and coalition forces until reinforcements from Kiratpur could arrive.[59][60][61]

Post Guru Hargobind battles

Battle of Sutlej

Main article: Battle of Sutlej

Following the Battle of Phagwara the Sikhs fought no major battle against the Mughals until the Battle of Sutlej. It was fought in 1652 against Muhammad Yarbeg Khan and a Mughal force he commanded . Muhammad Yarbeg Khan was the grandson of Mukhlis Khan, a Mughal who was killed by Guru Hargobind. He wanted revenge for his grandfathers death.[27][page needed] Bhai Gaura had killed someone who was part of Guru Har Rai's hunting party. Because of this he was excommunicated.[62] After this Bhai Gaura followed Guru Har Rai to everywhere he went, staying just out of sight.[63] One day Guru Har Rai and his bodyguards were crossing along the Sutlej River. There they met Mughal troops which were marching from Lahore to Delhi.[63][64] One of the Mughal officers, Muhammad Yarbeg Khan, upon finding out that Guru Har Rai was crossing the river planned to attack.[63] Bhai Gaura came out of the shadows and defended Guru Har Rai with his troops. Bhai Gaura's troops fought the Mughals until they fled away. Muhammad Yarbeg Khan was slain by Bhai Gaura himself. Bhai Gaura bought time for Guru's party to safely cross the river. He was un-excommunicated and pardoned by Guru Har Rai after the battle.[65] This was the last battle between the Sikhs and Mughals until Guru Gobind Singh's time.

Invasions of Kiratpur

Main article: Invasions of Kiratpur

Aurangzeb was enraged after Guru Har Rai helped Dara Shikoh in the Battle of Samugarh. He planned to arrest the guru and sent 1 of his generals to invade Kiratpur Sahib, where Guru Har Rai lived.[66]

First Aurangzeb sent General Zalam Khan with 10,000 soldiers to attack Kiratpur. On the way Zalam Khan ate uncooked meat and died due to severe stomachaches. After his death the imperial army departed to their homes.[66][67]

Next Aurangzeb sent General Thude Khan. When his army arrived at Kartarpur, an enemy of the general killed him with a sword while he slept. Upon seeing Thude Khan dead, the imperial army left.[68]

Aurangzeb then sent General Nahar Khan, the faujdar of Saharanpur. However, when he and his army arrived at Yamana Nagar, cholera spreded throughout in his army. He and half of his army was killed. Following the death of this general, the remaining army left and said that it was a curse from Guru. The Mughals never attacked Kiratpur again.[66][68]

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Bibliography