Gyorche Petrov

For the municipality, see Municipality of Gjorče Petrov (Skopje).
Gyorche Petrov
Born(1865-04-02)April 2, 1865
Varoš (Prilep), Ottoman Empire
DiedJune 28, 1921(1921-06-28) (aged 56)
Sofia, Kingdom of Bulgaria
Cause of deathAssassination
NationalityOttoman/Bulgarian
Teachers and pupils from Bulgarian boys' school in Bitola. Petrov is the fourth person on the first row from left to right.

Gyorche Petrov Nikolov[Note 1] born Georgi Petrov Nikolov[Note 2] (April 2, 1865 – June 28, 1921), was a Bulgarian teacher[1] and revolutionary, one of the leaders of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO).[2][3] He was its representative in Sofia, the capital of Principality of Bulgaria.[4] As such he was also a member of the Supreme Macedonian-Adrianople Committee (SMAC),[5] participating in the work of its governing body.[6] During the Balkan Wars, Petrov was a Bulgarian army volunteer, and during the First World War, he was involved in the activity of the Bulgarian occupation authorities in Serbia and Greece. Subsequently, he participated in Bulgarian politics, but was eventually killed by the rivaling IMRO right-wing faction. According to the Macedonian historiography, he was an ethnic Macedonian.[7]

Biography

Born in Varoš (Prilep), Ottoman Empire (today North Macedonia), he studied at the Bulgarian Exarchate's school in Prilep and the Bulgarian Men's High School of Thessaloniki. Later he attended the Gymnasium in Plovdiv, capital of the recently created Eastern Rumelia. Here he joined the Bulgarian Secret Central Revolutionary Committee founded in 1885. The original purpose of the committee was to gain autonomy for the region of Macedonia (then called Western Rumelia), but it played an important role in the organization of the Unification of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia. In the same year, he was a volunteer in the Bulgarian army during the Serbo-Bulgarian War.[8] Afterwards, Petrov worked as a Bulgarian Exarchate's teacher in various towns of Macedonia. He took part in the revolutionary campaign in Macedonia as well as in the Thessaloniki Congress of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (first name disputed) in 1896. He was among the authors of the organization's new charter and rules, which he co-wrote with Gotse Delchev.[9] He also published an ethnographic study of Macedonia's population, which he described as consisting of Bulgarians, Turks, Albanians, Vlachs (Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians), Jews and Gypsies.[10][2]

Gyorche Petrov was the representative of the Foreign Committee of the IMRO in Sofia in 1897–1901. He did not approve of the untimely outbreak of the Uprising on Ilinden,[3] August 2, 1903, but he participated as the leader of a cheta (armed band),[9] of which Aromanian revolutionary Ioryi Mucitano was part.[11] After the unsuccessful uprising, Petrov continued his participation in the IMRO. The failure of the Uprising reignited the rivalries between the varying factions of the Macedonian revolutionary movement. The left-wing faction, including Petrov, opposed Bulgarian nationalism but the Centralist's faction of the IMRO, drifted more and more towards it. Petrov was again included in the Emigrant representation in Sofia in 1905–1908. After the Young Turks Revolution of 1908, Petrov together with writer Anton Strashimirov edited the "Kulturno Edinstvo" magazine ("Cultural Unity"), published in Thessaloniki (Solun).[12] In 1911 a new Central Committee of IMARO was formed and the Centralists faction gained full control over the Organization.

During the Balkan wars, Gyorche Petrov was a volunteer in the 5th company of Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps.[citation needed] He was President of the Regular Regional Committee in Bitola for some time during the Bulgarian occupation of Southern Serbia, i.e. Vardar Macedonia, but after the Bulgarian occupation of Northern Greece, became a mayor of Drama.[13] At the end of the war he was one of the initiators of the formation of a new leftist organization called Provisional representation of the former United Internal Revolutionary Organization, and this government set a task of defending the positions of the Bulgarians in Macedonia at the Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920).[citation needed]

He kept close ties with the new government of Bulgarian Agrarian National Union (BANU), especially with war minister Aleksandar Dimitrov and some other prominent Agrarian leaders. BANU rejected territorial expansion and aimed at forming a Balkan federation of agrarian states, a policy which began with a détente with Yugoslavia. As a result, Petrov became a Chief of the Bulgarian Refugees Agency by the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Then Petrov had to deal with the problem of Bulgarian refugees who had to leave Yugoslavia and Greece, thus incurring IMRO Centralist faction leaders' hatred upon himself.[14] One of the reasons for this was the open struggle of the IMRO with the government of the BANU, and on the other hand, the interplay between the various refugee organizations and the attempt of IMRO to acquire them.

The right-wing IMRO leader Todor Aleksandrov accused him of being a traitor of the Bulgarian people because he agitated for the autonomy of Macedonia as a distinct political entity with a separate Macedonian people and its own history,[15][16] while Aleksandrov favored then, the annexation of Macedonia to Bulgaria,[17][18][19] Thus, he was eventually killed by an IMRO assassin in June 1921 in Sofia, on the order of Todor Aleksandrov.[8][20] The assassination of Gyorche Petrov complicated relations between IMRO and the Bulgarian government and produced significant dissensions in the Macedonian movement.[21]

To honor his name a suburb of Skopje was named Ǵorče Petrov, or usually shortly referred to only as Ǵorče. The suburb is one of the ten municipalities of Skopje, the capital of North Macedonia.

  • Gyorche Petrov with his wife Yordanka
    Gyorche Petrov with his wife Yordanka
  • Gyorche Petrov with his squad
    Gyorche Petrov with his squad
  • Gyorche Petrov, Arseni Yovkov and Georgi Pop Hristov
    Gyorche Petrov, Arseni Yovkov and Georgi Pop Hristov
  • Monument of Gyorche Petrov in the park of the suburb named after him
    Monument of Gyorche Petrov in the park of the suburb named after him
  • Cover of his 1896 book Materials on the study of Macedonia
    Cover of his 1896 book Materials on the study of Macedonia
  • Diploma issued by the Bulgarian Gymnasium in Plovdiv, Eastern Rumelia to Petrov
    Diploma issued by the Bulgarian Gymnasium in Plovdiv, Eastern Rumelia to Petrov
  • Excerpt from a letter Todor Aleksandrov wrote in which he accused Gyorche of being a traitor to Bulgarian people
    Excerpt from a letter Todor Aleksandrov wrote in which he accused Gyorche of being a traitor to Bulgarian people

Notes

  1. ^ (Bulgarian: Гьорче Петров Николов; Macedonian: Ѓорче Петров Николов)
  2. ^ (Bulgarian: Георги Николов Петров; Macedonian: Ѓорги Николов Петров)

References

  1. ^ Симеон Радев, Ранни спомени, (Ново, коригирано и допълнено издание под редакцията на Траян Радев, Изд. къща Стрелец, София, 1994) стр. 194.
  2. ^ a b Region, Regional Identity and Regionalism in Southeastern Europe, Klaus Roth, Ulf Brunnbauer, LIT Verlag Münster, 2009, ISBN 3-8258-1387-8, p. 135.
  3. ^ a b Alexis Heraclides (2021). The Macedonian Question and the Macedonians: A History. Routledge. pp. 41–43. ISBN 9780429266362.
  4. ^ Angelos Chotzidis, Anna Panagiōtopoulou, Vasilis Gounaris, The events of 1903 in Macedonia as presented in European diplomatic correspondence. Volume 3 of Museum of the Macedonian Struggle, 1993; ISBN 9608530334, p. 60.
  5. ^ From 1899 to 1901, the supreme committee provided subsidies to IMRO's central committee, allowances for Delchev and Petrov in Sofia, and weapons for bands sent to the interior. Delchev and Petrov were elected full members of the supreme committee. For more see: Laura Beth Sherman, Fires on the Mountain: The Macedonian Revolutionary Movement and the Kidnapping of Ellen Stone, East European monographs, 1980, ISBN 0914710559, p. 18.
  6. ^ Duncan M. Perry, The Politics of Terror: The Macedonian Liberation Movements, 1893-1903; Duke University Press, 1988, ISBN 0822308134, pp. 82-83.
  7. ^ Ǵurčinov, Milan (1996). Нова македонска книжевност 1945-1980. Студентски збор. p. 163.
  8. ^ a b Dimitar Bechev (2009). Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia. Scarecrow Press. p. 173. ISBN 9780810862951.
  9. ^ a b Detrez, Raymond (1997). Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria. Scarecrow Press. p. 106. ISBN 0-8108-3177-5.
  10. ^ Gyorche Petrov (1896). Материали по изучванието на Македония (Materials on the study of Macedonia) (in Bulgarian). Печатница Вълков. pp. 724–725, 731.
  11. ^ Minov, Nikola (2018). ""Романските" чети на Македонската револуционерна организација 1906-1908" (PDF). Istorija / Journal of history (in Macedonian). 53 (2): 38.
  12. ^ Генов, Георги. Беломорска Македония 1908 - 1916, Торонто, 2006, стр. 44.
  13. ^ Николов, Борис Й. Вътрешна Македоно-Одринска революционна организация. Войводи и ръководители. биографично-библиографски справочник. София 2001, с. 128 (Nikolov, Boris. Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Organization. Voivodes and Leaders. Biographical and Bibliographical Reference Book. Sofia 2001, p. 128).
  14. ^ Василев, Васил. Правителството на БЗНС, ВМРО и българо-югославските отношения, София 1991, с.77 (Vasilev, Vasil. The Government of BANU, IMRO and the Bulgarian-Yugoslav relations, Sofia 1991, p. 77)
  15. ^ "Тодор Александров от Ново село, Щип, Вардарска Македония - "Писмо до Владимир Карамфилов от 6 юли 1919 г.", публикувано в "Сè за Македонија: Документи: 1919-1924", Скопје, 2005 година". Онлайн Библиотека Струмски. Retrieved 2022-09-19.
  16. ^ "ИСТИНАТА ЗА АВТОНОМИЯТА НА МАКЕДОНИЯ ВЪВ ВИЖДАНИЯТА НА ВМОРО И НА ТОДОР АЛЕКСАНДРОВ". www.sitebulgarizaedno.com. Retrieved 2022-09-19.
  17. ^ Wojciech Roszkowski, Jan Kofman (2016) Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century. Taylor & Francis, ISBN 9781317475941, p. 883.
  18. ^ Dmitar Tasić (2020) Paramilitarism in the Balkans Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Albania, 1917-1924, OUP Oxford, ISBN 9780191899218, p. 165.
  19. ^ Robert Gerwarth, John Horne, War in Peace. Paramilitary Violence in Europe After the Great War. (2013) OUP Oxford, ISBN 9780199686056, p. 150.
  20. ^ Ivo Banac (1984). The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics. Cornell University Press. p. 324. ISBN 9780801494932.
  21. ^ Василев, Васил. Правителството на БЗНС, ВМРО и българо-югославските отношения, София 1991, с. 101-104. (Vasilev, Vasil. The Government of BANU, IMRO and the Bulgarian-Yugoslav relations, Sofia 1991, p. 101-104)