Indian jackal

Indian jackal
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Canidae
Genus: Canis
Species:
C. aureus
Subspecies:
C. a. indicus
Trinomial name
Canis aureus indicus
Canis aureus indicus range (blue)

The Indian jackal (Canis aureus indicus), also known as the Himalayan jackal, is a subspecies of golden jackal native to Pakistan, India, Bhutan, Burma and Nepal. Its karyotype is quite different (2N=78; NF=84) from that of its Eurasian and African counterparts (2N=80).[2]

Description

Skull of an Indian jackal from the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle

Its fur is a mixture of black and white, with buff on the shoulders, ears and legs. The buff colour is more pronounced in specimens from high altitudes. Black hairs predominate on the middle of the back and tail. The belly, chest and the sides of the legs are creamy white, while the face and lower flanks are grizzled with grey fur.[3] It is generally of a richer colour than the common jackal, the pale areas of the back being of a pale buff colour rather than whitish or silver.[4] Black specimens have been reported in Bengal.[5] Adults are slightly larger than common jackals,[4] and grow to a length of 100 cm (39 in), 35–45 cm (14–18 in) in height and 8–11 kg (18–24 lb) in weight.[3]

It typically inhabits lowlands on the outskirts of towns, villages and farms, where they shelter in holes among ruins or dense brush. Except during hot periods, the Indian jackal usually only leaves its den at dusk and retires at dawn. Though primarily a scavenger which subsists on garbage and offal, it will supplement its diet with rodents, reptiles, fruit and insects. It will form small packs when hunting small deer and antelopes.[3] Although it will occasionally kill poultry and young kids and lambs, it is largely harmless. When wild prey is scarce, it will usually take to eating vegetable matter, including maize and Jujube fruit.[6][7] It is extremely harmful to the vineyards of western India, and eats large quantities of coffee beans in the Wayanad district.[5]

Lone jackals expelled from their pack have been known to form commensal relationships with tigers. These solitary jackals are known as kol-bahl,[8] bhálú in southern India, phéall, phao, pheeow or phnew in Bengal and ghog in other regions.[5] They will attach themselves to a particular tiger, trailing it at a safe distance in order to feed on the big cat's kills. A kol-bahl will even alert a tiger to a kill with a loud pheal. Tigers have been known to tolerate these jackals: one report describes how a jackal confidently walked in and out between three tigers walking together a few feet away from each other.[8]

Presence in folklore and literature

Golden jackals appear prominently in Indian and Nepali folklore, where they often take over the role of the trickster taken by the red fox in Europe and North America. The story of The Blue Jackal for example has the jackal disguising itself with blue paint as Neelaakanth, the guardian of all animals, and tricking the other animals into providing food for him, so that he may continue protecting them. He is driven away once the monsoon washes the paint from him.[9][10][11] In some tales, jackals are portrayed as malevolant and treacherous. The Mahabharata describes the story of a jackal who sets his friends, the tiger, wolf, mongoose and mouse against each other, just so he can eat a gazelle without sharing it.[12] In Hinduism, the name of Shiva itself means jackal, and a jackal was often illustrated as the consort of Kali. Jackals are the vahanas of various Hindu and Buddhist deities, particularly in Tibet. Durga was often linked to the jackal.[13]

In Rudyard Kipling's Mowgli stories collected in The Jungle Book, the character Tabaqui is a jackal despised by the Sioni wolf pack, due to his mock cordiality, scavenging habits and his subservience to Shere Khan. He appears in the beginning of the book, visiting Mowgli's adoptive parents, Mother and Father Wolf, and they are clearly annoyed by his presence, since he announces that Shere Khan the tiger is hunting in their territory. Tabaqui is later killed by one of Mowgli's 'siblings', Grey Brother, who crushes his back.

References

  1. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–628. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ (in Italian) Lapini, L. (2003). "Canis aureus (Linnaeus, 1758)". In: Boitani L., Lovari S. and Vigna Taglianti A. (eds.) Fauna d’Italia. Mammalia III. Carnivora-Artiodactyla, Calderini publ., Bologna, pp. 47–58
  3. ^ a b c Mammals of Nepal: (with reference to those of India, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Pakistan) by Tej Kumar Shrestha, published by Steven Simpson Books, 1997, ISBN 0-9524390-6-9
  4. ^ a b Pocock, R. I. (1941). Fauna of British India: Mammals Volume 2. Taylor and Francis
  5. ^ a b c Jerdon, Thomas Claverhill (1867). The mammals of India: a natural history of all the animals known to inhabit continental India, Thomason college press
  6. ^ Robert Armitage Sterndale (1884). Natural history of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink – via Project Gutenberg.
  7. ^ Robert Armitage Sterndale (1884). Natural history of the Mammalia of India and Ceylon. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink – via Google Books.
  8. ^ a b Perry, Richard (1965). The World of the Tiger. p. 260. ASIN: B0007DU2IU.
  9. ^ Panchatantra The Story of The Blue Jackal. Panchatantra.org. Retrieved on 2012-12-30.
  10. ^ The Blue Jackal : A Panchtantra Story by Swapna Dutta. Bolokids.com. Retrieved on 2012-12-30.
  11. ^ The story of the blue Jackal. indiaoz.com.au
  12. ^ Zoological Mythology Or the Legends of Animals 1872, Part 2 by Angelo de Gubernatis, published by Kessinger Publishing, 2003, ISBN 0-7661-4895-5
  13. ^ Werness, Hope B (2004). The Continuum encyclopedia of animal symbolism in art, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 0-8264-1525-3

External links