K-Meleon

K-Meleon
Developer(s)Christophe Thibault, Sebastian Spaeth, Brian Harris, Jeff Doozan, Mark Liffiton, Rob Johnson, Ulf Erikson, Jordan Callicoat, Dorian Boissonnade, Roytam, et al.
Initial releaseAugust 21, 2000; 24 years ago (2000-08-21)
Stable release
76.4.7[1] Edit this on Wikidata
Repository
Written inC++, JavaScript
EnginesGecko, Goanna layout engine
Operating systemMicrosoft Windows
Standard(s)HTML5, CSS3, Atom
Available in7 languages
TypeWeb browser
LicenseGPL
Websitekmeleonbrowser.org Edit this at Wikidata

K-Meleon is a free and open-source, lightweight web browser for Microsoft Windows. Unlike cross-platform browsers, it uses the native Windows API to create its user interface. Early versions of K-Meleon render web pages with Gecko, Mozilla's browser layout engine. The Firefox web browser and the Mozilla Thunderbird email client also use Gecko. K-Meleon became a popular browser for Windows and was available as an optional default browser in Europe via BrowserChoice.eu. After Mozilla deprecated embedding Gecko, K-Meleon continued to use it for several years. Current versions of K-Meleon use the Goanna layout engine. Goanna is a fork of Gecko created for the Pale Moon browser.

K-Meleon began with the goal of being faster and lighter than Mozilla's original internet suite. Until 2011, K-Meleon embedded Gecko in a stripped-down interface. Throughout its lifespan, K-Meleon has required small amounts of memory. K-Meleon 76 supports platforms no longer supported by Mozilla after the Firefox Quantum rewrite, like Windows XP and Windows Vista.

Customization is another primary design goal of K-Meleon. Users can change the toolbars, menus, and keyboard shortcuts from text-based configuration files. Besides conventional extensions, K-Meleon also supports macros. Macros are small, human-readable extensions. Users can examine, write, or edit them in a text editor. K-Meleon's custom configuration files can trigger macros. Due to its adaptability, K-Meleon was recommended for internet cafes and libraries in the early 2000s.

History

Christophe Thibault started the K-Meleon project in the 2000s,[2] when many new browsers launched.[3] To open-source their once-dominant Netscape Communicator internet suite, Netscape founded the Mozilla project.[4] K-Meleon was one of several browsers to use Mozilla's Gecko web engine in a stripped-down interface. The Mozilla Application Suite used Gecko both to render pages and create the user interface.[5] Christophe Thibault designed K-Meleon to combine Gecko with native Windows interface elements. This approach was less resource-intensive and allowed the browser to blend into its environment.[6]

Embedding Gecko

Screenshot of K-Meleon
K-Meleon 0.2

Christophe Thibault released K-Meleon 0.1 on August 21, 2000.[7] While working at Nullsoft, Thibault created the first release during a single day off. K-Meleon 0.1 was simple but attracted attention to the project.[2] For the 0.2 release, Thibault implemented expected features like context menus, and he moved development to SourceForge to welcome contributors.[8]

Thibault handed the project over to new developers,[9] notably Brian Harris, Sebastian Spaeth, Jeff Doozan, and Ulf Erikson.[10] They began moving browser functions into a modular system of Kplugins.[11] The K-Meleon team released new versions with features like pop-up blocking and cookie management,[12] and they introduced text-based configuration files or configs. These provided a way to customize the browser or hide interface elements,[13][14] along with a macro language for users to extend the browser.[15][16]

K-Meleon was built with open-source code from Mozilla but its narrower focus offered advantages over the Mozilla Application Suite.[12] The suite bundled components beyond a web browser including applications for email, news, chat, and webpage editing.[17][18] To create a stand-alone browser, the Galeon project embedded Mozilla's rendering engine. Galeon was released for Linux, using GNOME's widget toolkit, GTK.[19] K-Meleon brought a similar approach to Windows,[20] using the native Windows application programming interface (API) to create a lightweight user interface.[6] The K-Meleon developers were able to release a stand-alone web browser on Windows two years before the Firefox alpha release.[21] Mozilla created user interfaces via their cross-platform XML User Interface Language (XUL) layer.[22] This technology used Gecko to lay out an application's interface.[5] XUL allowed Mozilla to build one application for multiple operating systems but generated graphical controls that did not match the rest of the system.[23] K-Meleon required less memory and was more closely integrated into the Windows desktop. It could even use the native bookmarking system to access Internet Explorer's favorites.[7] This approach of embedding Gecko into a native interface was also used by Camino on macOS.[5]

Mozilla programmers cited the existing stand-alone browsers when they began developing Firefox,[24] and Mozilla publicly referred to K-Meleon in Firefox's initial alpha release.[25] Dave Hyatt was a founding developer for Safari, Firefox, and Camino.[26] Hyatt criticized Mozilla and Netscape's work on the internet suite in contrast to focused projects. He stated, "You don't see Galeon UI designers trying to co-develop their UI with the rest of the world, nor do you see that with [...] K-Meleon."[27] During the time that Mozilla maintained an embeddable Gecko engine, they showcased stand-alone browsers including K-Meleon as examples of the embedding technology.[28]

Screenshot of K-Meleon
K-Meleon 0.7 with a simple "Hello World" macro, the optional Tango theme, and several NPAPI plugins installed

By October 2002, K-Meleon 0.7 included many of the browser's features and rendered pages with the Mozilla 1.0 engine.[29] Version 0.7 implemented skins stored in separate folders to theme the browser's appearance.[30] Ulf Erikson implemented tabbed browsing with "layers" which provided the functionality of tabbed browsing;[31] these layered "tabs" worked with other features including macros and mouse gestures.[32] On an API level, layers implemented tabs as separate stacked windows.[31] Despite AOL disbanding upstream parent company Netscape in 2003, K-Meleon continued development. Mozilla continued work on Gecko, and K-Meleon itself was refined with service packs and the incremental 0.8 release.[33]

In 2005, Ulf Erikson announced that version 0.9 would be the final version he would build. He was the project's developer but stated that he was no longer using K-Meleon as his primary browser after moving to Linux.[34] In January 2006, Dorian Boissonnade became the lead developer and began working towards a 1.0 release.[35][36]

Released in July 2006, K-Meleon 1.0 made the browser fully translatable. Previous versions could be translated because they were open-source. The source code could be downloaded, the source files translated, the browser code recompiled, and the resulting application distributed under an open-source license.[37] Version 1.0 stored localizations in separate library and config files within existing K-Meleon installations. Parts of the browser could be translated in a basic text editor.[38] K-Meleon 1.0 maintained support for its existing system of text-based configuration files and introduced a new graphical interface to change preferences from within the browser.[39][36]

Version 1.1 expanded the macro system. Earlier versions placed all of the macros into a single config file. Initial releases came with under 50 lines of macro code and instructions for end users to create their own macros.[40] Later versions came with over a thousand lines of macro code in addition to the macros that users wrote and shared online. To make the macros more manageable, K-Meleon developers separated them into module files.[41][40] K-Meleon versions released since have further expanded this system.[42] Macro modules, menu configuration files, and accelerator configuration files[42] were also split into a default stored in the browser's folder, and customizations stored in a user's profile as part of the transition to a multi-user design.[43]

Version 1.5 introduced a true tabbed interface to replace layers.[36] Previously introduced in unofficial builds, true tabs supported drag and drop, could have individual close icons, and could be placed on the bottom of the window.[44] In Europe, version 1.5 was an optional default Windows browser through Microsoft's browser ballot. Due to accusations of abusing their market position to push Internet Explorer, Microsoft introduced a browser ballot in the European Economic Area.[45] By 2010, they offered Windows users a choice of the 12 most popular web browsers including K-Meleon.[46]

7x releases

In 2011, Mozilla dropped support for embedding the Gecko layout engine. As K-Meleon had previously relied on this API to combine Mozilla's display engine with its native Windows interface, this left the future of the browser uncertain.[47] The situation also left the future of other embedded Gecko browsers unclear. Camino's developers initially explored transitioning to the WebKit rendering engine.[48] Later, they discontinued the Mac-only browser altogether.[26] Marco Gritti, the lead developer of Galeon had already forked that project to create GNOME Web,[49] and that new browser had switched to a WebKit backend. GNOME Web developer Christian Persch described Mozilla's support for embedding Gecko on Linux as, "unmaintained and stagnant."[50]

After years without an official, stable release, the K-Meleon group began development on version 74 in 2013.[36] While Mozilla had ended support for embedding Gecko, they still maintained a technology called XULRunner.[51] XULRunner was a stand-alone implementation of the Gecko engine designed to launch applications.[52] K-Meleon 74 used XULRunner instead of Mozilla's deprecated embedding software.[53][36] Outside of the new engine, version 74 brought small improvements including better CPU usage and minor bug fixes.[54] Version 74 can run on Windows 2000 and receives occasional updates.[55]

K-Meleon 75 was released in 2015 with spellcheck, form auto-completion, and a new skin system.[56][42] According to developer Jeff Doozan, the older skin system used bitmap images for icons and defined toolbar sizes with pixels.[57] For high-resolution monitors, a pixel-based interface could result in either tiny icons or a blurry up-scaled browser.[58] Version 75 introduced a skin system that allowed end users to adjust the icon size, and would automatically adjust the default icon size to a degree. It supports icon formats like PNG and a new type of config file to define icons at multiple sizes.[56] Boissonnade began work on version 76 but suffered a disk failure during beta testing.[59]

Goanna branch

Two screenshots of K-Meleon
Two screenshots of K-Meleon 76 with the same K-Meleon theme but different system themes

Active development on K-Meleon takes place using Goanna.[60] With Firefox Quantum, Mozilla rewrote core parts of the Gecko engine from the ground up.[61] The Goanna engine is a fork of the Gecko engine created by Pale Moon developers.[62] Roytam forked K-Meleon 76 in 2017 to run on the Goanna engine.[63] The project's former lead developer, Boissonnade, expressed enthusiasm and approval of this new branch.[64] Using this forked engine allows K-Meleon to support platforms abandoned by mainstream browsers. K-Meleon remains compatible with Windows XP and can run with low amounts of random access memory (RAM).[65][16] K-Meleon has low memory requirements even compared to other actively developed low-resource browsers.[66]

K-Meleon is updated on a rolling release schedule.[67] By default, the browser is a multi-lingual portable application that can run directly from the host computer or removable media.[68] It is also included in the PortableApps.com repository.[69]

Customization

Customization of K-Meleon's interface is possible using text-format configuration files, or configs.[14] The menus, keyboard shortcuts, and more can all be customized via K-Meleon's configuration files.[70][71] These configuration files can, in turn, call upon macros.[72] K-Meleon's macros are a type of extension that can also be opened in a text editor.[41]

A simple "Hello, World!" program could be written in K-Meleon's macro language as below. This would pop up a small window with a "Hello world!" message.[73] 

HelloWorld{
        alert("Hello world!");
}

To trigger the macro above, a keyboard accelerator could be created by adding the code below to the accelerator configuration file. This would cause the macro to launch if the Ctrl, Alt, and H keys are pressed at the same time.[72] 

CTRL ALT H = macros(HelloWorld)

Custom toolbars offer more options, but the syntax is similar. The example below would create a new toolbar with a button to trigger a macro.[57] 

NewToolbar{
   !NewButton{
	   macros(HelloWorld)
   }
}

This combination of configuration files and macro modules provides control over much of the browser.[74] It also creates a learning curve for customization that is not present in most browsers.[75] Popular browsers use systems like WebExtensions for customization where there is a separation between end users and extension developers.[76][77]

K-Meleon never had a community of extension developers as large as those of Firefox or Chrome.[78] The most popular browser in 2020 was Google Chrome which had over 130,000 WebExtensions available for download.[79] K-Meleon supports XUL-based add-ons like those previously used by other Mozilla applications but lacks direct compatibility with those written for Firefox.[80] Mozilla Firefox supported XUL-based add-ons until 2018.[81] When the Classic Add-Ons Archive preserved the extensions for Firefox in 2017, there were nearly 20,000 available.[82] K-Meleon has had a much smaller selection,[83][78] despite ports of some extensions like AdBlock Plus.[84]

K-Meleon's flexibility was a reason that it was useful for environments where the browser needed to be customized for general public use, such as libraries and internet cafés.[85] It allowed an administrator to hide some features from patrons.[86] For example, a library could hide interface elements (like the address bar) or limit the computer's access to a specific online resource like the library catalog.[14]

Legacy Windows versions

K-Meleon supports legacy versions of Windows that other browser vendors have abandoned.[65] Version 76 supports Windows XP and Windows Vista.[87] Windows XP was released in 2001,[88] and even its Windows Embedded POSReady 2009 variant is discontinued as of 2019.[89] ReactOS, the open-source implementation of Windows, only targets compatibility up to the discontinued Windows Server 2003.[90] The latest major browser releases to support these platforms are Microsoft's Internet Explorer 8 from 2014,[91] Google Chrome 50 from 2016,[92] and Mozilla Firefox 52 from 2018.[93]

Web browsers cannot access secure websites if they do not support Transport Layer Security (TLS) encryption via HTTPS.[94] As of 2018, most web pages used TLS encryption.[95] Popular browsers like Chrome, Edge, Safari, and Internet Explorer rely on the operating system for client certificates, which poses a barrier to accessing the web on discontinued operating systems. Firefox and related applications can use client certificates directly from the browser.[96]

Older versions of K-Meleon for Windows 2000 and 9X receive occasional updates for TLS certificates.[16] K-Meleon 74 can access secure websites on Windows 2000 using an older version of the Goanna engine combined with up-to-date ciphers.[55] K-Meleon 1.5 can run on Windows 9x releases as far back as Windows 95.[97] Occasional TLS updates allow version 1.5 to access secure websites on Microsoft's 9X operating systems like Windows 98 and Windows Me.[98]

Release history

Released in 2000, K-Meleon has been under development for over two decades and is still maintained. The most recent version, K-Meleon 76, is updated on a rolling release schedule. All versions of K-Meleon are written for the Microsoft Windows operating system. K-Meleon is not designed for Unix but can run on POSIX-compliant systems if they have an implementation of the Windows API like the Wine compatibility layer.[87]

Complete K-Meleon release history
Version Initial Release Latest Update Gecko Version Notes
Key:
  Old release; not supported.   Old release; still supported.   Current stable release.
0.1 Aug 21, 2000 Aug 21, 2000 M17 [99]
0.2 Nov 26, 2000 Jan 29, 2001 M18 [note 1][100][101]
0.3 Feb 13, 2001 Feb 13, 2001 0.8 [note 2][102]
0.4 May 11, 2001 May 11, 2001 0.9 [note 3][103]
0.5 Sep 27, 2001 Sep 27, 2001 0.9.4 [104]
0.6 Oct 30, 2001 Oct 30, 2001 0.9.5 [105]
0.7 Oct 31, 2002 Feb 12, 2003 1.2b [note 4][106][107]
0.8 Nov 10, 2003 Dec 23, 2003 1.5 [108][109]
0.9 Jan 18, 2005 Apr 25, 2006 1.7.13 [note 5][110][111]
1.0 Jul 15, 2006 Sep 22, 2006 1.8.0.7 [note 6][112][113]
1.1 May 22, 2007 Jul 18, 2008 1.8.1.17 [note 7][114]
1.5 Aug 8, 2008 Dec 9, 2022 1.8.1.24 [note 8][115][116]
1.6 Nov 14, 2010 Dec 12, 2010 1.9.1.20 [117][118]
74 Sep 8, 2014 Aug 14, 2021 24.7 [note 9][119][55]
75.0 Nov 25, 2014 Jun 24, 2015 31.5 [note 10][120][121]
75.1 Sep 19, 2015 Dec 14, 2022 31.8 [122][123]
76 May 2, 2016 Dec 20, 2016 38.8 [124]
76.G Nov 28, 2017 Dec 15, 2018 — [note 11][125]
76.2.G Jan 10, 2019 Aug 22, 2020 — [126]
76.3.G Aug 29, 2020 Feb 5, 2021 — [127]
76.4.G Feb 12, 2021 Apr 7, 2023 — [128]
Notes
  1. ^ Version 0.2 is the first version hosted at SourceForge and introduced right-click context menus.
  2. ^ Version 0.3 is a rewrite using MfcEmbed instead of WinEmbed and the BCG Library. It introduced Kplugin support for menus and toolbars, a preferences dialog, customizable menus and accelerator keys, basic authentication, page source view, and the option to save files to disk.
  3. ^ Version 0.4 introduced support for Netscape bookmarks, full-screen display, the macro extension Kplugin, the history Kplugin, icons in menus, cache support, configurable cookie and image settings, and the option to disable Java and JavaScript.
  4. ^ Version 0.7 introduced layered windows for "tabbed browsing", support for Opera bookmarks, automatic detection of popular third-party (NPAPI) plugins, text zoom, print preview, page setup, type ahead find, and skin support.
  5. ^ Version 0.9 introduced the Privacy Kplugin, the Flashblock extension, an RSS feed reader, and a new default skin (Phoenity). It was updated with community-driven Gecko updates.
  6. ^ Version 1.0 introduced full localization support, the first official localization (German), updates to the URL bar, configurable download options, a XUL-based advanced preferences panel, Gecko updates, improvements in Unicode handling for macros and menus, and a new default RSS/Atom feed reader (NewsFox).
  7. ^ Version 1.1 expanded multi-language support. It introduced several official localizations, modular macros, the session saver Kplugin, new customization of search engines and mouse gestures, multi-user configuration files, Gecko updates, and the update checker Kplugin.
  8. ^ Version 1.5 replaced the native preferences panel with the XUL-based former advanced preferences panel. It introduced true tabs instead of layered windows, new configuration options, a Unicode build for Windows NT, a non-Unicode build for Windows 9X, and Gecko updates.
  9. ^ Version 74 transitioned away from embedding Gecko to update the browser engine. The jump in version number is related to K-Meleon's user agent string.
  10. ^ Version 75 introduced Gecko updates, an expanded JSBridge, an expanded macro language, support for "about:" pages, new spellcheck features, and a shorter privacy bar using text. It enabled the container for Adobe Flash by default.
  11. ^ Version 76 on Goanna is a new branch that switched from Gecko to Goanna.

General references for this table include K-Meleon file releases,[129] release notes,[130] changelogs,[42] and the Announcements forum.[131]

See also

References

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