Lifou

Lifou
Commune
The cliffs of Xodre in Lifou
The cliffs of Xodre in Lifou
Location of the commune (in red) within New Caledonia
Location of the commune (in red) within New Caledonia
Location of Lifou
Coordinates: 20°58′00″S 167°14′00″E / 20.9667°S 167.2333°E / -20.9667; 167.2333
CountryFrance
Sui generis collectivityNew Caledonia
ProvinceLoyalty Islands Province
(provincial seat)
Government
 • Mayor (2023–2026) Neko Hnepeune[1]
Area
1
1,207.1 km2 (466.1 sq mi)
Population
 (2019 census)[2]
9,195
 • Density7.6/km2 (20/sq mi)
Ethnic distribution
 • 2019 censusKanaks 94.39%
Europeans 2.66%
Wallisians and Futunans 0.09%
Mixed 1.73%
Other 1.13%
Time zoneUTC+11:00
INSEE/Postal code
98814 /98820
Elevation0–104 m (0–341 ft)
(avg. 30 m or 98 ft)
1 New Caledonia Land Register (DITTT) data, which exclude lakes and ponds larger than 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.

Lifou [lifu] is a commune of France in the Loyalty Islands Province of New Caledonia in the Pacific Ocean.

Geography

Lifou is made up of Lifou Island, the largest and most heavily populated of the Loyalty Islands,[3] its smaller neighbour Tiga Island, and several uninhabited islets in between these two. All these islands lie among the Loyalty Islands, 190 kilometres (105 nautical miles) northeast of New Caledonia's mainland. At 1,146 km2 (442 sq mi), Lifou Island is the largest atoll in the world.[4]

The town of Wé, on Lifou Island, is the administrative centre of the commune of Lifou as well as the provincial seat of the Loyalty Islands Province.[3]

Climate

Lifou has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification: Af) that closely borders a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification: Am). The average annual temperature in Lifou is 23.4 °C (74.1 °F). The average annual rainfall is 1,579.0 mm (62.17 in) with March as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in February, at around 26.6 °C (79.9 °F), and lowest in August, at around 20.1 °C (68.2 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Lifou was 34.6 °C (94.3 °F) on 7 February 2016; the coldest temperature ever recorded was 4.4 °C (39.9 °F) on 27 July 1985.

Climate data for Lifou (Ouanaham, 1991−2020 normals, extremes 1960−present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 33.3
(91.9) 		34.6
(94.3) 		32.1
(89.8) 		31.9
(89.4) 		30.3
(86.5) 		29.5
(85.1) 		30.0
(86.0) 		28.9
(84.0) 		30.6
(87.1) 		30.3
(86.5) 		32.2
(90.0) 		32.8
(91.0) 		34.6
(94.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29.6
(85.3) 		30.0
(86.0) 		29.3
(84.7) 		28.1
(82.6) 		26.3
(79.3) 		25.0
(77.0) 		24.3
(75.7) 		24.4
(75.9) 		25.4
(77.7) 		26.6
(79.9) 		27.7
(81.9) 		28.9
(84.0) 		27.1
(80.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.2
(79.2) 		26.6
(79.9) 		26.2
(79.2) 		24.9
(76.8) 		22.7
(72.9) 		21.4
(70.5) 		20.1
(68.2) 		20.0
(68.0) 		21.0
(69.8) 		22.5
(72.5) 		23.9
(75.0) 		25.3
(77.5) 		23.4
(74.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22.8
(73.0) 		23.3
(73.9) 		23.1
(73.6) 		21.7
(71.1) 		19.1
(66.4) 		17.7
(63.9) 		15.9
(60.6) 		15.7
(60.3) 		16.6
(61.9) 		18.5
(65.3) 		20.0
(68.0) 		21.6
(70.9) 		19.7
(67.5)
Record low °C (°F) 11.0
(51.8) 		14.1
(57.4) 		13.6
(56.5) 		10.9
(51.6) 		7.4
(45.3) 		5.5
(41.9) 		4.4
(39.9) 		4.5
(40.1) 		5.5
(41.9) 		7.0
(44.6) 		8.5
(47.3) 		10.0
(50.0) 		4.4
(39.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 174.2
(6.86) 		194.9
(7.67) 		242.4
(9.54) 		185.2
(7.29) 		144.8
(5.70) 		127.8
(5.03) 		88.2
(3.47) 		70.8
(2.79) 		70.4
(2.77) 		66.6
(2.62) 		75.9
(2.99) 		137.8
(5.43) 		1,579
(62.17)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 12.1 13.0 15.4 11.9 11.7 9.5 8.0 6.5 6.2 7.0 7.4 10.1 118.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 223.4 186.8 194.0 194.6 178.3 151.4 180.0 194.5 208.7 236.1 230.1 233.8 2,411.5
Source 1: Météo-France[5]
Source 2: Service de la météorologie de la Nouvelle-Calédonie[6]

Geology

Like Maré and Ouvéa, the other Loyalty islands, Lifou is made of fossil coral.[7] Lifou is a makatea (raised coral atoll), an ancient lagoon slowly raised by geological processes.[8] Due to the uplift, Lifou consists of a wide, flat centre surrounded by cliffs which correspond to the ancient reefal cliffs.[9] The coral rock exhibits high porosity and hence, neither Lifou nor any of the other Loyalty Islands have surface water.[10] It does, however, have a large freshwater reservoir which can be accessed through caves. These caves were used in the past when searching for fresh water, and are very important to the island's mythology.

History

Economic

The first Europeans to have contact with Lifouans were whalers, who had very limited, and certainly not friendly, communications with them.[11] Sandalwood traders also came to New Caledonia around 1841.[12]

Religious

By the mid-19th century, there were Anglican missionaries at work on Lifou, although there had been natives and Polynesian immigrants doing religious work before then.[13] In 1843, French Catholic missionaries arrived on Lifou;[13] shortly afterward, the Anglicans and Catholics became involved in a religious war that lasted until the French takeover of Lifou in 1864.[14] The missionaries even established a school on Lifou Island,[13] and from 1840 to the early 20th century taught most of the population to read.[8] In 1866, St. Anne Chapel was built in Inagoj. In recent years Lifouans have been referred to as "devout Christians."[15]

Economy

Tourism

Lifou is a popular cruise port,[16] with many cruises coming from Australia.[17] The most common port-of-call is Easo; the ships anchor just off the island and tender passengers ashore, being too large for the wharf there. Lifou is known for its snorkeling.[18]

Farming

The Lifouans grow several crops, including yams, taro, and bananas; they also produce copra.[3]

Notable residents

Images of Lifou

  • Orbital photo of Lifou Island taken from space, November 1990. Courtesy of NASA.
    Orbital photo of Lifou Island taken from space, November 1990. Courtesy of NASA.
  • Map of Lifou island
    Map of Lifou island
  • Coral reef off Lifou Island
    Coral reef off Lifou Island

References

  1. ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 16 April 2024.
  2. ^ Population, ménages et logement par commune, en 2019, Institut de la statistique et des études économiques Nouvelle-Calédonie
  3. ^ a b c Murray, Lorraine (2009), "Lifou Island", Encyclopædia Britannica Online, Encyclopædia Britannica, retrieved 2009-07-16
  4. ^ Calder, Joshua (2003-12-14), Island Misinformation, retrieved 2009-07-18
  5. ^ "Fiche Climatologique Statistiques 1991-2020 et records" (PDF) (in French). Météo-France. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
  6. ^ "Climate of Poindimié 1981-2010" (PDF) (in French). Météo-France. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
  7. ^ Wallace, Alfred Russel; Keane, Augustus Henry (1888), Augustus Henry Keane (ed.), Australasia (5th ed.), E. Stanford
  8. ^ a b Lenwood, Frank (1917), Pastels from the Pacific, Oxford University Press
  9. ^ Woodward, Henry (1899), Geological Magazine, Cambridge University Press
  10. ^ Parrott-Sheffer, Chelsey (2009), "New Caledonia: French Overseas Country, Pacific Ocean", Encyclopædia Britannica Online, Encyclopædia Britannica, retrieved 2009-08-13
  11. ^ McFarlane, Samuel (1873), The Story of the Lifu Mission, London: James Nisbet & Co.
  12. ^ Keesing, Roger (1988), Melanesian Pidgin and the Oceanic Substrate, Stanford University Press, ISBN 0-8047-1450-9
  13. ^ a b c Garrett, John (1982), To live among the stars: Christian origins in Oceania (2nd ed.), University of the South Pacific, ISBN 2-8254-0692-9
  14. ^ Stanley, David (2004), South Pacific (8th ed.), Moon Handbooks, p. 1136, ISBN 1-56691-411-6
  15. ^ Douglas, Bronwen (1998), Across the Great Divide: Journeys in History and Anthropology, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 90-5702-306-7
  16. ^ Fleming, Donna (2008-09-10), Lifou: Dropping in on paradise, The New Zealand Herald, retrieved 2009-07-17
  17. ^ McKinnon, Ian (2008-10-01), Lifou - a little island treasure, The Sydney Morning Herald, retrieved 2009-07-24
  18. ^ Maley, Jacqueline (2008-10-01), Sail Away, Sail Away, The Sydney Morning Herald, retrieved 2009-08-07
  19. ^ Maddaford, Terry (2008-12-04), Passion burns deeply for French star, The New Zealand Herald, retrieved 2009-07-24
  20. ^ "Rosine Streeter". Pacific Community. 2017-07-27. Retrieved 2017-11-28.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lifou.