List of Roman monoliths

Man amidst the collapsed giant columns of a Greek temple at Selinunte, Sicily

This is a list of ancient monoliths found in all types of Greek and Roman buildings.

It contains monoliths

  • quarried, but not moved
  • quarried and moved
  • quarried, moved and lifted clear off the ground into their position (architraves etc.)
  • quarried, moved and erected in an upright position (columns etc.)

Transporting was done by land or water (or a combination of both), in the later case often by special-built ships such as obelisk carriers.[1] For lifting operations, ancient cranes were employed since ca. 515 BC,[2] such as in the construction of Trajan's Column.[3]

It should be stressed that all numbers are estimations since only in the rarest cases have monoliths been actually weighed. Rather, weight is calculated by multiplying volume by density. The main source, J. J. Coulton, assumes 2.75 t/m3 for marble and 2.25 t/m3 for other stone.[4] For an explanation of the large margin of error, which often leads to widely differing numbers, see these introductory remarks.

Greek monoliths

Below a selection of Greek monoliths sorted by their date.

Date Building / Object Location Monolith Weight
(in t) 		Comment
~650 BC Dedication of Nikandre[5] Delos, Greek isles Figure 0.25
~650 BC Fortification wall[5] Leontinoi, Sicily Wall blocks 1.75
~640 BC Temple of Poseidon[5] Isthmus, Greek mainland Wall blocks 0.5
~630 BC Temple A[5] Prinias, Crete Frieze slab 0.5
610–590 BC Sounion Kouros[5] Sounion, Greek mainland Figure ~2
610–590 BC Colossus of the Naxians[5] Delos, Greek isles Base 34
610–590 BC Colossus of the Naxians[5] Delos, Greek isles Figure ~23
590–580 BC Temple of Artemis[5] Kerkyra, Greek isles Pediment slab, central 3.25
590–580 BC Temple of Artemis[5] Kerkyra, Greek isles Architrave block 5 or 6.25
~565 BC Temple of Apollo[5] Syracuse, Sicily Stylobate block 24
~565 BC Temple of Apollo[5] Syracuse, Sicily Column shaft 35
~565 BC Temple of Apollo[5] Syracuse, Sicily Architrave block 20.25
~555 BC Olympieion[5] Syracuse, Sicily Stylobate block 20.25
560–550 BC Temple of Artemis[5] Ephesos, Asia Minor Architrave block, central 41.25
550–530 BC Temple C[5] Selinunte, Sicily Stylobate block 12.5
550–530 BC Temple C[5] Selinunte, Sicily Architrave block 16
~540 BC Temple of Apollo[5] Corinth, Greek mainland Column shaft 26
~540 BC Temple of Apollo[5] Corinth, Greek mainland Architrave block 10
~535 BC Temple D[5] Selinunte, Sicily Architrave block 13.75
~525 BC Temple FS[5] Selinunte, Sicily Architrave block 21
~520 BC Kouros of Apollonas[5] Naxos, Greek isles Figure ~69
~520 BC Temple of Apollo[5] Naxos, Greek isles Lintel block 22
~520 BC Temple of Apollo[5] Naxos, Greek isles Threshold 22.25
~520 BC Temple at Parikia[5] Paros, Greek isles Lintel block ~22
~520–409 BC Temple of Apollo ('GT')[5] Selinunte, Sicily Column drum in quarry (Cave di Cusa) 73
~520–409 BC Temple of Apollo ('GT')[5] Selinunte, Sicily Architrave block 40
~520–409 BC Temple of Apollo ('GT')[5] Selinunte, Sicily Cornice block 12.5
~515 BC From about that time on, cranes are assumed to have become common on Greek construction sites, leading to a sharp reduction of block sizes.[2]
~515 BC Olympieion[5] Athens, Greek mainland Column drum 9
~500–406 BC Olympieion[5] Akragas, Sicily Abacus block, central 11.5
~500–406 BC Olympieion[5] Akragas, Sicily Architrave block 9.25
~500–406 BC Olympieion[5] Akragas, Sicily Architrave block 11
~500–406 BC Olympieion[5] Akragas, Sicily Architrave block 14
~500–406 BC Olympieion[5] Akragas, Sicily Metope block, lower (angle) 13.5
~500–406 BC Olympieion[5] Akragas, Sicily Cornice block 11.5
~500 BC Temple of Aphaia[5] Aigina, Greek isles Column shaft 6
480–460 BC Temple ER[5] Selinunte, Sicily Architrave block 17
468–457 BC Temple of Zeus[5] Olympia, Greek mainland Stylobate block 8.5
468–457 BC Temple of Zeus[5] Olympia, Greek mainland Architrave block 16.5
~460 BC Temple of 'Poseidon'[5] Paestum, Magna Graecia Architrave block 11.5
448–437 BC Parthenon[5] Athens, Greek mainland Architrave block 9.5
448–437 BC Parthenon[5] Athens, Greek mainland Lintel block, largest 9
437–432 BC Propylaia[5] Athens, Greek mainland Architrave block, central 12.5
437–432 BC Propylaia[5] Athens, Greek mainland Lintel block, largest 12.25
437–432 BC Propylaia[5] Athens, Greek mainland Lintel block, relieving [A 1] 8.75
437–432 BC Propylaia[5] Athens, Greek mainland Ceiling beam, west porch 10
421–405 BC Erechtheion[5] Athens, Greek mainland Block over Pandroseion 11.5
421–405 BC Erechtheion[5] Athens, Greek mainland Lintel block, north door 7.25
421–405 BC Erechtheion[5] Athens, Greek mainland Ceiling beam, north porch 10
~420 BC Temple of Segesta[5] Segesta, Sicily Architrave block 12.5
366–326 BC Temple of Apollo[5] Delphi, Greek mainland Architrave block 9.25
~340 BC Temple of Zeus[5] Nemea, Greek mainland Architrave block 6.75
~340 BC Temple of Zeus[5] Nemea, Greek mainland Lintel block 8.75
~350 BC First in Ionia, the weight of the lifted blocks begins to match again that of the Archaic period, indicating a mastery of the winch and compound pulley hoist by now.[6]
~310 BC Temple of Apollo[5] Didyma, Asia Minor Threshold 46.75
~310 BC Temple of Apollo[5] Didyma, Asia Minor Lintel block[A 2] 48
~310 BC Temple of Apollo[5] Didyma, Asia Minor Jamb[A 2] 71.5
~170 BC Olympieion[5] Athens, Greek mainland Architrave block, largest 23.25

Roman monoliths

Below a selection of Roman monoliths sorted by their date; the list also includes work on Greek temples which was continued into the Roman era.

Date [A 3] Building / Object Location Monolith Weight
(in t) 		Comment
1st c. BC Apollo statue[5] Vitr. 10.2.13[7] Base 51?
10 BC Flaminian Obelisk[8] Rome, Italia Obelisk 263 From Roman Egypt by obelisk ship[8]
10 BC Campensis Obelisk[8] Rome, Italia Obelisk 230 From Roman Egypt by obelisk ship[8]
37–41 AD Vatican Obelisk[9] Rome, Italia Obelisk 361 From Roman Egypt by obelisk ship[8]
1st–2nd c. Temple of Jupiter[5] Baalbek, Roman Lebanon Column drum, lower 48.5
1st–2nd c. Temple of Jupiter[5] Baalbek, Roman Lebanon Architrave-frieze block, central 63 Lifted by cranes to height of 19 m[10]
1st–2nd c. Temple of Jupiter[5] Baalbek, Roman Lebanon Cornice block, corner 108 Lifted by cranes to height of 19 m[10]
1st–3rd c. Granite column[11] Mons Claudianus, Roman Egypt Column shaft in quarry 207
113 Trajan's Column[12] Rome, Italia Pedestal ~77
113 Trajan's Column[13] Rome, Italia Base 55
113 Trajan's Column[14] Rome, Italia Column drum, typical ~32
113 Trajan's Column[13] Rome, Italia Capital 53.3 Lifted by cranes to height of 34 m[13]
2nd c.? Temple of Apollo[5] Didyma, Asia Minor Architrave block 20.5
297 Pompey's Pillar[15] Alexandria, Roman Egypt Column shaft 285
306–313 Basilica Nova[5] Rome, Italia Column shaft 103
357 Lateran Obelisk[16] Rome, Italia Obelisk 455 From Roman Egypt by obelisk ship[8]
530 Mausoleum of Theodoric[17] Ravenna, Italia Roof slab 230 Constructed under Ostrogoths[A 4]

Greek monoliths

Roman monoliths

See also

Notes

  1. ^ If in two blocks.
  2. ^ a b If monolithic.
  3. ^ In case of Egyptian obelisks, date of ship transport to Rome.
  4. ^ Although the mausoleum reflects Ostrogothic style, the method for moving the monolithic roof slab and positioning it on top of the building relied on the continuity of Roman techniques into the reign of Theoderic.

References

  1. ^ Wirsching 2000
  2. ^ a b Coulton 1974, pp. 7, 16
  3. ^ Lancaster 1999, pp. 419–439
  4. ^ Coulton 1974, p. 14
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj Coulton 1974, pp. 17–19 (appendix), remaining data taken from text
  6. ^ Coulton 1974, p. 16
  7. ^ "LacusCurtius • Vitruvius on Architecture — Book X". penelope.uchicago.edu.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Wirsching 2000, p. 271 (table 1)
  9. ^ Lancaster 1999, p. 428
  10. ^ a b Coulton 1974, pp. 16, 19
  11. ^ Maxfield 2001, p. 158
  12. ^ Lancaster 1999, p. 430
  13. ^ a b c Lancaster 1999, p. 426
  14. ^ Jones 1993, p. 32
  15. ^ Adam 1977, pp. 50f.
  16. ^ "NOVA Online | Mysteries of the Nile | A World of Obelisks: Rome". www.pbs.org.
  17. ^ Heidenreich & Johannes 1971, p. 63
  18. ^ Coulton 1974, p. 7

Sources

  • Adam, Jean-Pierre (1977), "À propos du trilithon de Baalbek: Le transport et la mise en oeuvre des mégalithes", Syria, 54 (1/2): 31–63, doi:10.3406/syria.1977.6623
  • Coulton, J. J. (1974), "Lifting in Early Greek Architecture", The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 94: 1–19, doi:10.2307/630416, JSTOR 630416, S2CID 162973494
  • Heidenreich, Robert; Johannes, Heinz (1971), Das Grabmal Theoderichs zu Ravenna, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag
  • Jones, Mark Wilson (1993), "One Hundred Feet and a Spiral Stair: The Problem of Designing Trajan's Column", Journal of Roman Archaeology, 6: 23–38, doi:10.1017/S1047759400011454, S2CID 250348951
  • Lancaster, Lynne (1999), "Building Trajan's Column", American Journal of Archaeology, 103 (3): 419–439, doi:10.2307/506969, JSTOR 506969, S2CID 192986322
  • Maxfield, Valerie A. (2001), "Stone Quarrying in the Eastern Desert with Particular Reference to Mons Claudianus and Mons Porphyrites", in Mattingly, David J.; Salmon, John (eds.), Economies Beyond Agriculture in the Classical World, Leicester-Nottingham Studies in Ancient Society, vol. 9, London: Routledge, pp. 143–170, ISBN 0-415-21253-7
  • Ruprechtsberger, Erwin M. (1999), "Vom Steinbruch zum Jupitertempel von Heliopolis/Baalbek (Libanon)", Linzer Archäologische Forschungen, 30: 7–56

Further reading

  • Traianus – Technical investigation of Roman public works