List of wars involving Albania
History of Albania |
---|
Timeline |
This is a list of wars that Albanian states and Albanian forces have been involved in.
- Albanian victory
- Albanian defeat
- Another result (e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result of civil war or internal conflict, result unknown, mixed results, stalemate, ceasefire or indecisive)
- Ongoing conflict
Medieval Albania: Principality of Arbanon to the Fall of Shkodër (1190–1479)
Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Rebellion of Arbanon (1257–59) | Arbanon rebels | Empire of Nicaea | Ceasefire
|
Albanian Resistance against the Serbian Empire (1336-1371) | Kingdom of Albania
Albanian Thopia family |
Serbian Empire | Eventual Albanian victory
|
Thopia Uprising against the Anjou (1358–68) | Albanian Principality of Albania (medieval) | Angevin Kingdom of Naples | Victory
|
Albanian-Epirote War of 1359 (1359) | Albanian Losha Family and Shpata Family | Despotate of Epirus | Victory
|
Albanian-Epirote War (1367–70) (1367–70) | Albanian Losha Family | Despotate of Epirus in Ioannina | Ceasefire
|
Thopia-Muzaka War (1370) | Albanian Principality of Albania (medieval) | Principality of Muzaka | Thopia victory
|
Albanian-Prilep War (1371) | Principality of Muzaka Principality of Gropa |
Lordship of Prilep | Victory
|
Albanian-Epirote War (1374–1375) (1374-1375) | Despotate of Arta | Despotate of Epirus in Ioannina | Ceasefire
|
Invasion of Arta by the Knights Hospitaller (1378) | Despotate of Arta | Knights Hospitaller | Victory
|
Albanian-Epirote War (1381–84) (1381–84) |
Despotate of Arta | Despotate of Epirus in Ioannina Ottoman Empire |
Victory
|
Zetan-Albania War (1382-85) | Princedom of Albania | Lordship of Zeta | Victory
|
Albanian-Epirote War of 1385[6] (1385) |
Despotate of Arta | Despotate of Epirus | Defeat
|
First Zenebishi Uprising against the Ottomans (1385–86) | Albanian Zenebishi Family | Ottoman Empire | Victory
|
Dukagjini Rebellion against Balšić (1387) | Dukagjini Family | Lordship of Zeta | Victory
|
Battle of Kosovo (1389) | Moravian Serbia District of Branković Kingdom of Bosnia Knights Hospitaller The Albanian nobility that fought under the command of Prince Lazar:[8][9] |
Ottoman Empire | Inconclusive
|
Albanian-Epirote War of 1389–90[10] (1389–1390) |
Despotate of Arta (all four battles) Malakasi Tribe (second battle) |
Despotate of Epirus (all four battles) Thessaly (second battle) Ottoman Empire (third and fourth battles) |
Defeat
|
Venetian-Albanian War (1392)(1392) | Princedom of Albania | Republic of Venice | Defeat
|
Thopia civil War(1392-1403) | Forces under Niketa Thopia | Forces under Helena Thopia | Niketa Thopia Victory
|
Albanian-Epirote War of 1399-1400 (April 1399 – July 1400) |
Albanian Zenebishi Family | Despotate of Epirus Pro-Epirote Albanian Clans |
Victory
|
Vonko–Shpata War (November 1400 – Late 1401) |
Despotate of Arta | Vonko's Forces | Victory
|
Civil war of the Despotate of Arta (1401–08)[11] (late 1401 – 1408) | 1401–1403: Despotate of Arta supported by Skurra Bua Shpata and Muriq Shpata 1403–1407:
Ottoman Empire (1406 only) |
County palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos | Sgouros and Paul are defeated, Maurice is victorious
|
Battle of Ankara (July 1402) | Timurid Empire | Ottoman Empire Zaharia family Albanian Jonima family Principality of Dukagjini Albanian Dushmani family Serbian Despotate Wallachia |
Defeat
|
First Scutari War (early 1405 – January 1413) | Balšići Lordship of Zeta Crnojević family Albanian Humoj family Serb peasants Albanian peasants Albanian Zaharia family (late 1412 – early 1413) |
Republic of Venice Zaharia family (early 1405 – late 1412) Albanian Jonima family |
Mixed results
|
Second Thopia-Muzaka War (late 1411) |
Albanian Thopia family | Muzaka family | Muzaka Victory
|
Albanian-Epirote War of 1412 (1412) | Albanian Zenebishi Family
Albanian Shpata Family |
Despotate of Epirus Greeks of Ioannina |
Victory
|
Ottoman-Gjirokastër War (1414) | Albanian Zenebishi Family | Ottoman Empire | Defeat
|
Second Zenebishi Uprising against the Ottomans (1416) | Albanian Mountain Tribes Zenebishi Family Republic of Venice |
Ottoman Empire | Victory
|
Albanian-Epirote War of 1416 (October 1416) |
Despotate of Arta | Despotate of Epirus | Defeat
|
Second Ottoman-Gjirokastër War (1418) | Albanian Zenebishi Family | Ottoman Empire | Defeat
|
Second Scutari War (1419–23) | Zeta Serbian Despotate (after 1421) Albanian nobility: |
Republic of Venice | Inconclusive
|
Albanian Revolt (1432–36) | Albanian rebels
|
Ottoman Empire | Mixed results
|
Muzaka Revolt in Berat (1437–38) |
Albanian rebels | Ottoman Empire | Defeat
|
Ottoman-Albanian Wars of 1443 to 1479 (1443–1479) |
1443–44: Kastrioti Family Arianiti Family 1444–46: 1446–50: 1450–51: 1451–54: 1454–56: 1456–68: 1468–78: 1478–79:
Lordship of Zeta (Siege of Shkodra only) |
1443–44: Ottoman Empire 1444–46: 1446–50: 1450–51: 1451–54: 1454–56: 1456–68: 1468–78: 1478–79: |
Ottoman conquest of Albania halted until 1479
|
Albanian–Venetian War (December 1447 – October 1448) |
League of Lezhë | Republic of Venice Pro-Venetian Alliance:
|
Victory
|
Skanderbeg's Italian expedition (1460–62) | League of Lezhë Papal States Kingdom of Naples Duchy of Milan |
House of Anjou Principality of Taranto Pro-Angevin Italian nobles |
Victory
|
Ottoman–Venetian War (1463–1479) | Republic of Venice Papal States League of Lezhë Principality of Zeta Maniots Greek rebels |
Ottoman Empire | Ottoman victory, Treaty of Constantinople (1479) |
Ottoman Albania and the Albanian National Awakening (1479–1912)
Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Albanian Uprisings of 1481–1484 (June 1481–1484) |
Albanian rebels Kastrioti family Dukagjini Family Muzaka family |
Ottoman Empire | Mixed results
| |
Crnojević-Kastrioti Invasion of Zeta (June 1481) |
Zetan rebels Crnojević family Kastrioti family |
Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Albanian Uprising of 1501 (1501) |
Albanian rebels | Ottoman Empire | Defeat
| |
Mirdita Uprising
(1515) |
Principality of Mirdita | Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Seven-fold barjak Uprising (1658) |
"Seven-fold barjak" Alliance:
|
Ottoman Empire | Unknown | |
First Süleyman Invasion of Montenegro
(1685) |
Bushati family | Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro
Support: |
Victory
| |
Medun Uprising (1688) |
Ottoman Empire | Anti-Ottoman Tribal Alliance: | Bushati Defeat
| |
Second Süleyman Invasion of Montenegro
(1692) |
Bushati family | Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro | Victory
| |
Hoti-Kuči Uprising of 1694 (1694) |
Anti-Ottoman Tribal Alliance: | Ottoman Empire | Unknown | |
Orlov Revolt
(1770) |
Ottoman Empire | Russian Empire
Greek revolutionaries |
Victory
| |
Shkodran Invasion of Ulcinj (1772) |
Pashalik of Scutari | Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro | Victory
| |
Shkodran Invasion of Brda (1774) (1774) |
Pashalik of Scutari | Brda Tribes:
|
Bushati Defeat
| |
First Scutari-Berat War | Pashalik of Scutari | Pashalik of Berat | Scutari victory
| |
Scutari invasion of Montenegro (1785) | Pashalik of Scutari | Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro
|
Victory
| |
First Scutari-Ottoman War | Pashalik of Scutari | Ottoman Empire | Inconclusive
| |
Souliote War (1789-1793) (1789-1793) |
Pashalik of Yanina | Albanian Souliotes | Souliote Victory | |
Shkodran Invasion of Brda (1794) (1794) |
Bushati family | Brda Tribes: | Bushati Defeat | |
Shkodran Invasion of Montenegro (1796) (Early 1796–September 1796) |
Pashalik of Scutari | Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro
|
Defeat
| |
Ali Pasha's Invasion of Butrint
(18th-25th October 1798) |
Pashalik of Yanina
|
First French Republic | Victory
| |
Battle of Nicopolis
(1798) |
Pashalik of Yanina
|
First French Republic
Greek Volunteers |
Victory
| |
Muhammad Ali's seizure of power (March 1803 – March 1811) |
Forces loyal to Tahir Pasha (March 1803 – April 1803) Forces loyal to Muhammad Ali (April 1803 – March 1811) Albanian bashi-bazouks Mamluks (April 1803 – February 1804) Mamluks loyal to al-Bardisi (February 1804 – March 1804) Militia of Cairo |
Ottoman Empire
|
Victory
| |
First Serbian Uprising
(1804-1813) |
Ottoman Empire | Revolutionary Serbia
Support: |
Victory
| |
Ali Pasha's Invasion of the Pashalik of Berat
(1808) |
Pashalik of Yanina | Pashalik of Berat | Pashalik of Yanina Victory
| |
Suppression of the Pashalik of Yanina
(1820–22) |
Pashalik of Yanina | Ottoman Empire | Defeat
| |
Wallachian uprising
(1821) |
Wallachia (revolutionary)
|
Greek revolutionaries | Ottoman Empire
Austrian Empire |
Ottoman military victory Wallachian political victory, end of the Phanariote Era |
Ottoman-Bushati War (March – November 1831) |
Bushati family
Financial Support: |
Ottoman Empire | Defeat
| |
First Egyptian–Ottoman War
(1831-1833) |
Egypt Eyalet under Muhammad Ali
Albanian bashi-bazouks |
Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1833 in Kolonjë (January 1833)[16] |
Tosk Rebels | Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1833 in Shkodër (April–December 1833) |
Shkodran Rebels Malsor Rebels[16] |
Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1833 in Southern Albania (July–September 1833) |
Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels |
Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1834 (November 1834– January 1835) |
Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels |
Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1835 in South Albania (January–May 1835) |
Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels Çam Rebels |
Ottoman Empire | Defeat
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1835 in Myzeqe (May 1835) |
Myzeq Rebels | Ottoman Empire | Defeat
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1835 in North Albania (May–September 1835) |
Shkodran Rebels Reinforcements:[16] Kosovar Rebels Volunteers: Malsor Volunteers Gheg Volunteers Mirdita Tribesmen Mati Tribesmen Dibran Volunteers |
Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1836 in South Albania (June–August 1836) |
Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels |
Ottoman Empire | Mixed results
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1837 in Mat (January–February 1837)[16] |
Mati Tribesmen | Ottoman Empire | Mixed results
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1837 in Myzeqe (June–August 1837) |
Myzeq Rebels Tosk Rebels |
Ottoman Empire | Defeat
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1837 in North Albania (June–August 1837)[16] |
Kosovar Rebels Gheg Rebels |
Ottoman Empire | Defeat | |
Albanian Revolt of 1837 in Dibër (September–November 1837)[16] |
Dibran Rebels | Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1839 in South Albania (August–September 1839) |
Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels |
Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1839 in Prizren (September 1839)[16] |
Kosovar Rebels | Ottoman Empire | Victory
| |
Second Egyptian–Ottoman War
(1839-1841) |
Egypt Eyalet under Muhammad Ali
Albanian bashi-bazouks |
Ottoman Empire | Mixed results
| |
Uprising of Dervish Cara (July 1843–June 1844) |
Gheg Rebels Kosovar Rebels Shkodran Rebels Tosk Rebels |
Ottoman Empire Catholic Mirdita Tribesmen |
Defeat
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1843–44 in Dibër (July 1843–November 1844) |
Dibran Rebels | Ottoman Empire | Mixed results
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1845 (May–July 1845) |
Kosovar Rebels Gheg Rebels |
Ottoman Empire Malsor Albanian Conscripts Mirdita Albanian Conscripts Mati Albanian Conscripts Shkodran Albanian Conscripts Gheg Albanian Conscripts from Gucia and Plava Serbian Vasojevići Conscripts Serbo-Albanian Kuči Conscripts |
Rebel Defeat
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1847 (July–December 1847) |
Tosk Rebels Lab Rebels Çam Rebels |
Ottoman Empire | Defeat
| |
Montenegrin Civil War of 1847[17][18][19] | Brda Tribes
Crmnica Tribes |
Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro | Defeat
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1862 (1862) |
Catholic Mirdita Rebels Vocal Support: Second French Empire |
Ottoman Empire Albanian volunteers under Bibë Dodë Pasha Alleged Support: Austro-Hungarian Empire British Empire |
Defeat | |
Battles for Plav and Gusinje (1878–1880) | League of Prizren Support: Ottoman Empire |
Principality of Montenegro | Victory
| |
League of Prizren Secessionist War (1880–1881) |
League of Prizren | Ottoman Empire
Support: |
Defeat
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1909 (1909) |
Malsor Tribesman | Ottoman Empire | Defeat
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1910 (May–June 1910) |
Kosovar Rebels Shkodran Rebels Dibran Rebels Malsor Tribesman Support: Kingdom of Serbia |
Ottoman Empire | Defeat
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1911 (1911) |
Malsor Tribesman Shkodran Tribesmen |
Ottoman Empire | Peace is negotiated
| |
Albanian Revolt of 1912 (1912) |
Kosovar Rebels Gheg Rebels Shkodran Rebels Malsor Rebels Dibran Rebels Central Albanian Muslims Tosk Rebels Mati Tribesmen Mirdita Tribesmen Ottoman Albanian Deserters Armaments Support: Kingdom of Montenegro Vocal Support: Austria-Hungary Kingdom of Bulgaria British Empire |
Ottoman Empire | Victory
|
Independence to the end of the First World War (1912–1918)
Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Ohrid-Debar Uprising (September–October 1913) |
Albanian Rebels in Macedonia IMRO |
Kingdom of Serbia | Defeat
|
First Northern Epirote Uprising (March–May 1914) |
Principality of Albania Albanian irregulars Kingdom of the Netherlands |
Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus Kingdom of Greece |
Ceasefire
|
Peasant Revolt in Albania (May–October 1914) |
Principality of Albania Kosovar Albanian Kachaks Mirdita Tribesmen Mati Tribesmen Austro-Hungarian Volunteers Romanian Volunteers Support: Austro-Hungarian Empire Kingdom of the Netherlands |
Muslim Albanian Rebels Republic of Central Albania Support: Ottoman Empire |
Principality of Albania victory
|
Second Northern Epirote Uprising (September–October 1914) |
Principality of Albania |
Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus | Defeat
|
Italian invasion of Vlorë(December 1914) | Principality of Albania | Kingdom of Italy | Defeat
|
Austro-Hungarian invasion of Albania (January 1916–April 1916) |
Austro-Hungarian Empire Albanian guerrillas |
Kingdom of Italy Republic of Central Albania |
Austro-Hungarian victory |
Central Power invasion and of Albania (December 1915) |
Austro-Hungarian Empire Kingdom of Bulgaria (Until September 1917) Gheg guerrillas Tosk guerrillas Mati Tribesmen |
Republic of Central Albania |
Interwar Period (1918–1939)
Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Drenica-Dukagjin Uprisings (1919-1924) |
Kosovar Albanian Kachaks Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo |
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes | Mixed results
|
Koplik War
(1920-1921) |
Principality of Albania Albanian Rebels |
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes | Victory |
Vlora War (1920) |
Principality of Albania Albanian Rebels |
Kingdom of Italy | Victory |
Albanian–Yugoslav border war (1921)(1921) | Principality of Albania | Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes | Victory
|
Albanian Revolt of 1922 (1922) |
Principality of Albania | Albanian Kachaks Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo |
Albanian Principality Victory
|
Kachak Invasion of Albania (1923) |
Principality of Albania | Albanian Kachaks Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo |
Albanian Principality Victory
|
June Revolution (1924) |
Fan Noli supporters (Albanian peasants) Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo |
Ahmet Zogu supporters (Mati Tribesmen) | Noli Victory
|
Zogu Invasion of Albania (1924) |
Ahmet Zogu supporters (Mati Tribesmen) Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes |
Fan Noli supporters (Albanian peasants) Principality of Albania Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo |
Zogu Victory
|
Italian invasion of Albania (1939) |
Kingdom of Albania | Kingdom of Italy | Defeat |
Second World War and Cold War (1939–1991)
Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Result |
---|---|---|---|
Greco-Italian War (1940–1941) |
Kingdom of Italy | Kingdom of Greece Air support: British Empire |
Stalemate
|
Uprising in Montenegro
(1941) |
Kingdom of Italy | Partisans | Victory
|
Greek Insurgency in South Albania
(1941-1944) |
Italian Albania (Until 1943)
German Albania (From 1943) |
EDES | Albanian Victory
|
First Karadak-Gollak Uprising(1941-1944) | Balli Kombëtar | Partisans | Albanian Victory
|
Albanian Resistance of World War II (1939–1944) |
LANÇ Legality Movement Balli Kombëtar (Until 1943) |
Kingdom of Italy (Until 1943)
Nazi Germany (From 1943) Balli Kombëtar (From 1943) |
Albanian Communist Victory
|
Cold War (1945–1991) | |||
Corfu Channel incident (1946–1948) |
Albania | United Kingdom | World Court case in 1949
|
Operation Valuable (1949) | Albania | United Kingdom United States |
Communist Albania Victory
|
Greek Civil War (1946–1949) |
Provisional Democratic Government
NOF partisans |
Kingdom of Greece
Supported by: |
Defeat
|
Vlora incident
(1961) |
Albania | USSR | Victory
|
Post Cold War era (1991–)
See also
References
Citations
- ^ a b Fine, John V. A. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. pp. 290–291. ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5.
- ^ Fine, John V. A. (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. pp. 290–291. ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5.
- ^ Historia e popullit shqiptar (in Albanian). Botimet Toena. 2002. ISBN 978-99927-1-622-9.
- ^ M. Th. Houtsma (1987). E. J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936. p. 456. ISBN 9004082654. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
- ^ Nicol, Donald M. (1984). The Despotate of Epiros, 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 142–145. ISBN 978-0-521-13089-9.
- ^ Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 355. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
Early in 1385 John Spata attacked Jannina but soon withdrew when he saw he could not crack the defenses created by Esau.
- ^ Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.[page needed]
- ^ "Between Serb and Albanian". archive.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2021-08-19.
- ^ "1515 | John Musachi: Brief Chronicle on the Descendants of our Musachi Dynasty". 2010-09-10. Archived from the original on 2010-09-10. Retrieved 2021-08-19.
- ^ Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 355. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
- ^ Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.[page needed]
- ^ Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
However, despite winning a major open-field battle against Tocco's forces in 1412, the Albanian allies could not take Jannina
- ^ Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1994) [1987]. The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. p. 356. ISBN 0-472-08260-4.
Carlo brought his forces south; the people of Arta submitted to him, and he entered the town in October 1416..
- ^ Gloyer, Gillian (2008). Albania: The Bradt Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 978-1-84162-246-0.
- ^ Barjaktarović, Mirko (1984). Rovca: etnološka monografija (in Serbian). Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti.
- ^ a b c d e f g Pollo 1984, p. 125
- ^ Michael Schuman (14 May 2014). Serbia and Montenegro. p. 19. ISBN 9781438122526. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
- ^ Clissold, Henry Clifford Darby (1966). Short History of Yugoslavia. CUP Archive. p. 79. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
civil war montenegro 1847.
- ^ William Miller (12 October 2012). The Ottoman Empire and Its Successors, 1801-1927. ISBN 9781136260469. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
- ^ Stickney, Edith Pierpont (1926). Southern Albania Or. Northern Epirus in European International Affairs: 1912-1923. Stanford University Press. p. 43. ISBN 9780804761710.
The position of the Greek government during this revolution in Northern Epirus was one of strict neutrality
- ^ Jung, Peter (20 May 2003). The Austro-Hungarian Forces in World War I (1): 1914-16. p. 13. ISBN 9781841765945. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
- ^ a b "26 July 1920, took place the Koplik war against the Yugoslav army". www.qmksh.al. 25 July 2017.
- ^ a b "Malësorët e Malësisë (Në Mal të Zi) dhe Lufta e Koplikut". 12 October 2020.
- ^ Dorril 2002, p. 357-358.
Bibliography
- Dorril, Stephen (2002). MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service. Simon and Schuster.
- Elsie, Robert (2010). Historical Dictionary of Albania. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7380-3.
- Pollo, Stefanaq (1984), Historia e Shqipërisë: Vitet 30 të shek. XIX-1912 (in Albanian), Akademia e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë, Instituti i Historisë, OCLC 165705732