Mirabal sisters

For the province, see Hermanas Mirabal Province.

The Mirabal sisters (Spanish: hermanas Mirabal [eɾˈmanas miɾaˈβal]) were four sisters from the Dominican Republic, three of whom (Patria, Minerva and María Teresa) opposed the dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo (el Jefe) and were involved in clandestine activities against his regime.[1] The three sisters were assassinated on 25 November 1960. The last sister, Adela, who was not involved in political activities at the time, died of natural causes on 1 February 2014.[2]

Of the sisters, Minerva was the one who had the most active role in politics, being the founder of the June 14 Revolutionary Movement together with her husband Manolo Tavárez Justo [es]. Maria Teresa also became involved in the Movement. The second oldest sister, Patria, did not have the same level of political activity as her other sisters, but supported them. She lent her house to store weapons and tools from the insurgents. They are considered national heroines of the Dominican Republic. Their remains rest in a mausoleum that was declared an extension of the National Pantheon, located in the Hermanas Mirabal House-Museum, the last residence of the sisters.

Patria, Minerva and María Teresa.
Patria, Minerva and María Teresa.

The assassinations turned the Mirabal sisters into "symbols of both popular and feminist resistance".[3] In 1999, in their honor, the United Nations General Assembly designated 25 November as the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women.[1]

The Mirabal sisters

The house in which the Mirabal sisters lived in 1960 is now a museum in Salcedo, Dominican Republic.

The Mirabal family were from the central Cibao region of the Dominican Republic and had a farm in the village of Ojo de Agua, near the town of Salcedo. Their parents Enrique Mirabal Fernández and Mercedes Reyes Camilo were landowners in the area.[4] All four sisters attended primary school in their village, Ojo de Agua, and attended a Catholic boarding school, El Colegio de la Inmaculada, for their secondary education in the city of La Vega.[5] Once Rafael Trujillo took power it was customary to have a picture of him in the household, however, the Mirabal house never had a picture of Trujillo and were subsequently considered dissidents by the Trujillo regime.[5]

When Trujillo came to power, the family lost almost their entire fortune. The sisters, especially Minerva, believed that the dictatorship was ruining the country, so they participated in the creation and organization of the June 14 Revolutionary Movement. Within this group, they were known as Las Mariposas.

Two of the sisters, Minerva and María Teresa, were imprisoned on several occasions in both La Victoria and La 40 prisons. They and their husbands were subjected to cruel torture during the Trujillo regime. Despite these facts, they continued to fight against the dictatorship.

Patria Mercedes Mirabal Reyes

Patria Mercedes Mirabal Reyes (27 February 1924 – 25 November 1960), commonly known as Patria was the oldest of the four Mirabal sisters. When she was 14, she was sent by her parents to a Catholic boarding school, Colegio Inmaculada Concepción in La Vega. She left school when she was 17 and married Pedro González,[6][7] a farmer, who would later aid her in challenging the Trujillo regime.

Patria had three children.[5] She once said "We cannot allow our children to grow up in this corrupt and tyrannical regime. We have to fight against it, and I am willing to give up everything, even my life if necessary."[8]

Bélgica Adela Mirabal Reyes

Bélgica Adela Mirabal Reyes (1 March 1925 – 1 February 2014), commonly known as Dedé, was the second daughter of the Mirabal family.[9][10] Unlike her sisters, she did not go to college. Instead, she became the traditional homemaker,[10] and helped her father with the family business. The Mirabal patriarch, Enrique, died after his political imprisonment, and Dedé took over the family finances. She did not become involved with her sisters' political work. After the murder of her sisters, Dedé took care of their children and raised them.[10] Between 1992 and 1994, Dedé started the Mirabal Sisters Foundation and the Mirabal Sisters Museum to continue her sisters' legacy.[11] Dedé was the last surviving sister of the family. She died at the age of 88, and professed her entire life that it was her destiny to survive so that she was able to "tell their story".[12]

María Argentina Minerva Mirabal Reyes

Main article: Minerva Mirabal

María Argentina Minerva Mirabal Reyes (12 March 1926 – 25 November 1960), commonly known as Minerva, was the third daughter. At the age of 12, she followed Patria to the Colegio Inmaculada Concepción.[6] In 1949, the Mirabal family was invited to a party for the local elite where Minerva first caught the eye of Rafael Trujillo, so much so that the Mirabals were invited to a different party by Trujillo himself. At this party, Trujillo made more sexual advances toward Minerva who slapped him in the face because of this.[13][14] After Minerva's rejection of Trujillo, her parents prohibited Minerva from registering for law school due to concerns that she would get involved in politics and ultimately be killed. However, after seeing how upset Minerva was, her parents relented six years later and she enrolled at the University of Santo Domingo, where she later graduated summa cum laude. Minerva was the first woman to graduate from law school in the Dominican Republic.[15] Due to her previous rejection of Trujillo's advances, when Minerva graduated, her diploma was stripped of her honors and her license to practice law was ultimately turned down.[5]

At university, she met her husband, Manolo Tavárez Justo, who would help her fight the Trujillo regime. Minerva was the most vocal and radical of the Mirabal daughters. According to the theologian Nancy Pineda-Madrid, she was arrested and harassed on multiple occasions on orders given by Trujillo himself.[16] According to the historian Bernard Diederich, Minerva Mirabal was arrested twice; she was first jailed in January 1960, at the start of the wave of repression of 1J4 members where "hundreds of 1J4 members are rounded up and tortured"[17] She once said "It is a source of happiness to do whatever can be done for our country that suffers so many anguishes. It is sad to stay with one's arms crossed."[8]

Antonia María Teresa Mirabal Reyes

Main article: María Teresa Mirabal

Antonia María Teresa Mirabal Reyes (15 October 1935 – 25 November 1960), commonly known as María Teresa, was the fourth and youngest daughter.[18] She attended the Colegio Inmaculada Concepción, graduated from the Liceo de San Francisco de Macorís in 1954, and went on to the University of Santo Domingo, where she studied mathematics.[19]

Later in her life, María Teresa dated Leandro Guzmán. While dating, before Leandro was allowed to hold María Teresa's hand, she asked him how his family felt about Trujillo. Leandro responded, "... there's no problem. At home, that was the first thing I learned... to hate Trujillo."[5] After this response María Teresa let him hold her hand and they eventually married after she finished her education. María Teresa was influenced by her older sister Minerva's political views and was involved in the clandestine activities against Trujillo's regime.[18][19] As a result, she was harassed and arrested on the direct orders of Trujillo.[19][20][16] She greatly admired her older sister Minerva and became passionate about Minerva's political views.[6] She once said, "Perhaps what we have most near is death, but that idea does not frighten me. We shall continue to fight for that which is just."[8]

Political activities

While attending the Colegio Inmaculada Concepción, Minerva discovered that her friend Deisi Ariza's father was killed by Trujillo for opposing the regime. This event along with many others ultimately influenced Minerva's fight against the regime.[5] Minerva became involved in the political movement against Trujillo, who was the country's official president from 1930 to 1938 and from 1942 to 1952, but ruled behind the scenes as a dictator from 1930 until his assassination in 1961. Minerva's sisters followed her into the movement: first María Teresa, who joined after staying at Minerva's house and learning about her activities, and then Patria, who joined after witnessing a massacre by some of Trujillo's men while on a religious retreat. Dedé did not join in, partly because her husband, Jaimito, did not want her to.[citation needed]

The husbands of Minerva, María Teresa, and Patria were among the leaders of the 14th of June Movement, nicknamed 1J4. The movement was created in support, and then in honor, of the Dominican rebels who were killed while attempting to overthrow the Rafael Trujillo regime.[17] Everyone in the family, including Patria's teenaged children, helped distribute pamphlets about the many people whom Trujillo had killed, and obtained materials for guns and bombs to use when they eventually openly revolted. Within the group, the sisters called themselves "Las Mariposas" ("The Butterflies"), after Minerva's underground name.[3] The secret movement was discovered weeks after its founding leading to Patria's house (where the group met) being burned to the ground and María Teresa and Minerva's arrests.[5]

In 1960, Minerva and María Teresa were incarcerated from January 22 to February 7, then from May 18 to August 9.[17] They were not tortured thanks to mounting international opposition to Trujillo's regime. Patria was never arrested but her husband and son were jailed.[21] The three husbands were incarcerated in January at La Victoria Penitentiary in Santo Domingo, and then, in November, two of them were transferred to Puerto Plata.[17]

In 1960, the Organization of American States condemned Trujillo's actions and sent observers. Minerva and María Teresa were freed, but their husbands remained in prison.[13] On a remembrance website, Learn to Question, the author writes, "No matter how many times Trujillo jailed them, no matter how much of their property and possessions he seized, Minerva, Patria and María Teresa refused to give up on their mission to restore democracy and civil liberties to the island nation."[13]

Assassination

On 25 November 1960, Patria, Minerva, María Teresa, and their driver, Rufino de la Cruz, were visiting María Teresa and Minerva's incarcerated husbands. Patria's husband was not incarcerated but she went along for moral support. On the way home, they were stopped by Trujillo's henchmen. The sisters and de la Cruz were separated, strangled[22] and clubbed to death. The bodies were then gathered and put in their Jeep, which was run off the mountain road in an attempt to make their deaths look like an accident.[13]

After Trujillo was assassinated on 30 May 1961, General Pupo Román admitted to having personal knowledge that the sisters were killed by Victor Alicinio Peña Rivera, Trujillo's right-hand man, along with Ciriaco de la Rosa, Ramon Emilio Rojas, Alfonso Cruz Valeria, and Emilio Estrada Malleta, members of his secret police force.[23] As to whether Trujillo ordered the killings or whether the secret police acted on its own, one historian wrote, "We know orders of this nature could not come from any authority lower than national sovereignty. That was none other than Trujillo himself; still less could it have taken place without his assent."[24] Also, one of the murderers, Ciriaco de la Rosa, said "I tried to prevent the disaster, but I could not because if I had he, Trujillo, would have killed us all."[25][26]

Aftermath

The old house of the Mirabal family and the residence of Dedé Mirabal until her death on 1 February 2014, aged 88.[10]

According to historian Bernard Diederich, the sisters' assassinations "had greater effect on Dominicans than most of Trujillo's other crimes". The killings, he wrote, "did something to their machismo" and paved the way for Trujillo's own assassination six months later.[27]

However, the details of the Mirabal sisters' assassinations were "treated gingerly at the official level" until 1996, when President Joaquín Balaguer was forced to step down after more than two decades in power. Balaguer was Trujillo's protégé and had been the president at the time of the assassinations in 1960 (though, at the time, he "distanced himself from General Trujillo and initially carved out a more moderate political stance").[28]

A review of the history curriculum in public schools in 1997 recognized the Mirabals as national martyrs.[3] The post-Balaguer era has seen a marked increase in homages to the Mirabal sisters, including an exhibition of their belongings at the National Museum of History and Geography in Santo Domingo.[citation needed]

After the assassinations, the surviving sister, Dedé, devoted her life to the legacy of her sisters. She raised their six children, including Minou Tavárez Mirabal, Minerva's daughter, who has served as deputy for the National District in the lower house of the Dominican Congress since 2002 and was deputy foreign minister before that (1996–2000). Of Dedé's own three children, Jaime David Fernández Mirabal was the minister for environment and natural resources and a former vice president of the Dominican Republic. In 1992, Dedé created the Mirabal Sisters Foundation, and in 1994, she opened the Mirabal Sisters Museum in the sisters' hometown, Salcedo.[10] She published a book, Vivas en su Jardín, on 25 August 2009.[29] She lived in the house in Salcedo where the sisters were born until her death in 2014, aged 88.[30]

Legacy

Mirabal Sisters Campus, housing KIPP Washington Heights, MS 319 Maria Teresa, and MS 324 Patria Mirabal, in Washington Heights, Manhattan

On 17 December 1999, the United Nations General Assembly designated 25 November as the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women in honor of the sisters. It marks the beginning of a 16-day period of Activism against Gender Violence.[1] The last day of that period, 10 December, is International Human Rights Day.

On 21 November 2007, Salcedo Province was renamed Hermanas Mirabal Province.[31][32][33][34]

Hermanas Mirabal station of the Santo Domingo Metro is named to honor the Mirabal sisters.[citation needed]

The 200 Dominican pesos bill features the sisters, and a stamp was issued in their memory.[3]

The 137-foot obelisk that Trujillo built in 1935 to commemorate the renaming of the capital city from Santo Domingo to Ciudad Trujillo has been covered with murals honoring the sisters. In 1997, the telecommunications company CODETEL (now Claro) sponsored a mural by Elsa Núñez. Every few years, the mural changes.[35]

In 2005, Amaya Salazar created one;[36] in 2011, Banco del Progreso sponsored Dustin Muñoz to redo the mural.[37]

Monument in Honor of the sisters in Ojo de Agua, Salcedo.

In 2019, the southeast corner of 168th street and Amsterdam Avenue in Washington Heights, Manhattan was designated "Mirabal Sisters Way" by the Council of the City of New York.[38] In addition, there is a school campus in Washington Heights, Manhattan, Mirabal Sisters Campus.[39]

In 2021, Rosa Hernández de Grullón, Ambassador of the Dominican Republic in France, inaugurated a plaque in Paris in honor of the famous Dominican resistance fighters murdered under the Trujillo dictatorship in 1960.[40]

Being globally recognized as a symbol of social justice and feminism, the sisters have inspired the creation of many organizations that focus on keeping their legacy alive through social actions. An example of one of these organizations is the Mirabal Sisters Cultural and Community Center, a non-profit organization that seeks to improve the status of immigrant families.[41]

In popular culture

Places

In the Dominican Republic:

In Spain:

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Nations, United. "International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women". United Nations. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
  2. ^ "La tragedia de las hermanas Mirabal: cómo el asesinato de 3 mujeres dominicanas dio origen al día mundial de la No violencia contra la mujer" [The tragedy of the Mirabal sisters: how the murder of 3 Dominican women gave rise to the world day of No violence against women]. BBC News Mundo. 25 November 2017. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  3. ^ a b c d e Rohter, Larry (15 February 1997). "The Three Sisters, Avenged: A Dominican Drama". New York Times.
  4. ^ Peter Farrington (17 December 2013). "Mirabal Sisters of The Dominican Republic". The REAL Dominican Republic. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g "Alexander Street, a ProQuest Company". video.alexanderstreet.com. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  6. ^ a b c "The Mirabal Sisters- The Nov. 25th Revolution", "Safe World for Women", 7 March 2016[permanent dead link]
  7. ^ "ENCOUNTER WITH EL JEFE". Becoming The Butterflies: The Political Participation of the Mirabal Sisters. p. 2.
  8. ^ a b c "Mirabal Sisters History", "Mirabal Sisters Cultural and Community Center", 7 March 2016
  9. ^ "Dedé Mirabal Reyes" (in European Spanish). Casa Museo Hermanas Mirabal. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g Garcia, Franklin (3 February 2014). "Last Surviving Mirabal Sister, Doña Dede, Dead at 88". HuffPost. Retrieved 23 April 2020.
  11. ^ Rohter, Larry (15 February 1997). "The Three Sisters, Avenged: A Dominican Drama". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  12. ^ "Dedé Mirabal Reyes and Minou Tavárez Mirabal to speak Nov. 6". Middlebury. 17 December 2009. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  13. ^ a b c d "The Mirabal Sisters". LearnToQuestion.com. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  14. ^ Ferullo, Giovanna (26 August 2011). "Violencia y discriminación de la mujer, un problema muy grave en R.Dominicana". MSN Noticias (in Spanish). Panamá. EFE. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2013. (...) Once años antes del triple asesinato, 'había habido una intención del dictador de sumar a mi madre a la lista de mujeres que le pertenecían, como las vacas de sus fincas', algo a lo que Minerva se negó, contó Tavárez Mirabal.
    A partir de allí nació la 'obsesión' de Trujillo contra la familia Mirabal, que empeoró cuando se percató de que una mujer, Minerva, era la 'organizadora del movimiento de oposición más importante que tuvo que enfrentar en 30 años de dictadura', añadió.
  15. ^ Hanrahan, Maura (Fall 2005). "Remembering the Butterflies". Herizons. 19 (2): 12. ProQuest 212341138.
  16. ^ a b Pineda-Madrid, Nancy (Spring 2011). "Celebrating our Latina feminist foremothers: a response to Elisabeth Schussler Fiorenza". Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion. 27 (1): 110–115. doi:10.2979/jfemistudreli.27.1.110. S2CID 144819111. Gale A268652371 Project MUSE 440727.
  17. ^ a b c d Diederich, Bernard (1978). Trujillo, the death of the goat. pp. 69–71. ISBN 0-316-18440-3.
  18. ^ a b "Biography". Maria Teresa Mirabal. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
  19. ^ a b c "The Mirabal Sisters: The three "butterflies" who were killed because of their activities against the dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo". The Vintage News. 19 April 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
  20. ^ Jewell, Hannah (2 November 2017). 100 Nasty Women of History: Brilliant, badass and completely fearless women everyone should know. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 9781473671270.
  21. ^ Robinson, Nancy (2006). "Women's Political Participation in the Dominican Republic: The Case of the Mirabal Sisters". Caribbean Quarterly. 52 (2/3): 172–183. doi:10.1080/00086495.2006.11829706. JSTOR 40654568. S2CID 150808008.
  22. ^ "Las Mariposas: The Mirabal Sisters' Role as Heroines of the Dominican Republic". stmuhistorymedia.org. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
  23. ^ "Mirabal Sisters of The Dominican Republic". TheRealDR.com. Archived from the original on 15 December 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
  24. ^ Virgilio Pina Chevalier, La era de Trujillo. Narraciones de Don Cucho, p. 151.
  25. ^ "The Murder and Assassination of the Mirabal Sisters". The Real Dominical Republic. Archived from the original on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  26. ^ "THE ASSASSINATION The Murder of the Sisters Mirabal". Learning to Question. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  27. ^ Bernard Diederich (1999). Trujillo: The Death of the Dictator. Markus Wiener Publishing. p. 71. ISBN 978-1558762060.
  28. ^ Kershaw, Sarah (15 July 2002). "Joaquín Balaguer, 95, Dies; Dominated Dominican Life". New York Times.
  29. ^ Amazon (2009). Vivas en el Jardin. Vintage Español. ISBN 978-0307474537.
  30. ^ Tennant, Paul; Yadira Betances (3 February 2014). "Dominican heroine dies". Eagle-Tribune. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  31. ^ Camara de Diputados. "Proyecto de Ley mediante el cual se modifica el nombre de la provincia Salcedo a provincia Hermanas Mirabal" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 November 2014.
  32. ^ Diario Libre. "Provincia Salcedo pasa a llamarse "Hermanas Mirabal"" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
  33. ^ El Tiempo (24 November 2009). "La historia de las hermanas Mirabal" (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 November 2014.
  34. ^ Educando. "Las hermanas Mirabal en otra dimensión" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
  35. ^ Keys, Janette (29 June 2011). "New Painting on the Obelisk". Colonial Zone News Blog.
  36. ^ "Restauran Obelisco del Malecón". Hoy (in Spanish). 3 March 2005.
  37. ^ Brito, Reynaldo (27 July 2011). "Obelisco del malecón restaurado con obra de Dustin Muñoz". Imagenes Dominicanas.
  38. ^ "INVITATION: Sun. 2/10 Street Co-Naming Ceremony to Honor the Mirabal Sisters". Retrieved 9 February 2019.
  39. ^ "Mirabal Sisters Campus". Childrens Aid NYC. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
  40. ^ "Commemorative plaque in Paris: the Rep Dom pays tribute to the Mirabal sisters". Travel News and Tips. 6 March 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  41. ^ Sisters, Mirabal. "Misión". www.mirabalcenter.org. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  42. ^ "Michelle Rodriguez Producing and Starring in Historical Feature". Michelle-rodriguez.com. 25 March 2008. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
  43. ^ Author, Nobel Prize Winner Mario Vargas Llosa, The Feast of the Goat, translated from Spanish by Edith Grossman. Originally published by Alfguana in Spain under the title La fiesta del chivo . 2000. ISBN 0-312-42027-7
  44. ^ Frederick, Candice. "'In the Heights' is more than a movie to its cast. It's a celebration of Latinas throughout history". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 19 April 2022.

External links