Peace churches

Not to be confused with Churches of Peace.
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A 1685 illustration by Jan Luyken, published in Martyrs Mirror, of Dirk Willems saving his pursuer, an act of mercy that led to his recapture, after which he was burned at the stake near Asperen in the present-day Netherlands
A 1685 illustration by Jan Luyken, published in Martyrs Mirror, of Dirk Willems saving his pursuer, an act of mercy that led to his recapture, after which he was burned at the stake near Asperen in the present-day Netherlands
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Peace churches are Christian churches, groups or communities advocating Christian pacifism or Biblical nonresistance. The term historic peace churches refers specifically only to three church groups among pacifist churches:

In addition to the Schwarzenau Brethren and Mennonites, other Anabaptist Christian fellowships, such as the Hutterian Brethren, River Brethren, Apostolic Christian Church and Bruderhof teach pacifism as well.[1][2]

This phrase has been used since the first conference of the peace churches in Kansas in 1935.[3][4][5][6][7]

The definition of "peace churches" is sometimes expanded to include Christadelphians (from 1863) and others who did not participate in the conference of the "historic peace churches" in Kansas in 1935.[8]

The peace churches agree that Jesus advocated nonviolence. In the Gospels, Jesus explicitly taught his followers not to kill, but rather to love, bless, and pray for those who make themselves to be your enemy. He taught that if struck we should not physically strike back, but rather turn the other cheek. He told Peter to put away his sword. He explained that his Kingdom is spiritual, not earthly; therefore members of the Kingdom of God will live by spiritual principles, primarily Love. He told Pilate that his Kingdom is not earthly, therefore his followers do not use earthly weapons to fight. The weapons of our warfare are to be Love and Prayer. The Epistles and the Early Church continued this teaching, instructing that we should be willing to suffer as Jesus did rather than do evil to anyone. In the Plain Peace Churches today, no one in the military is accepted as a member, due to their divided loyalties. Stepping in between those who are being attacked and their attacker has been a long-practiced principle. Some believers have given themselves to serve a sentence of punishment, banishment, or death to deliver those who are weaker or younger. Jesus' suffering love and unwillingness to use force on others is their example in all things.

Whether physical force can ever be justified in defending oneself is controversial. Most believers adhere strictly to a moral attitude of nonresistance in the face of violence. These churches generally concur that violence on behalf of nations and their governments is contrary to Christian morality, but agree that the teachings of Jesus were to explain the principles of the Kingdom of God rather than and contrasted with the ways of any earthly government.

History

The Deserter (1916) by Boardman Robinson.
Blessed are the Peacemakers (1917) by George Bellows

Among all Christian denominations, there have always been groups of members who advocate nonviolence, but certain churches have consistently supported it since their foundation. Besides the three historic peace churches, they include the Amish,[9] Old Order Mennonites, Conservative Mennonites, Holdeman Mennonites, Hutterites,[10] Old German Baptist Brethren,[11] Old Order River Brethren,[12] the Brethren in Christ,[13][14][15] and others in the Anabaptist tradition; Doukhobors,[16] Molokans,[17] Dunkard Brethren,[18][19] Dukh-i-zhizniki,[20] Bruderhof Communities, Schwenkfelders,[21] Moravians,[22] the Shakers,[23] and even some groups within the Pentecostal movement.[24] The largest Pentecostal church, the Assemblies of God, abandoned pacifism around the time of the Second World War.[25][26] These groups have disagreed, both internally and with each other, about the propriety of non-combatant military roles, such as unarmed medical personnel, or performing non-battlefield services that assist nations in wartime, such as manufacturing munitions. One position might argue that Jesus would never object to helping people who are suffering, while another might object that doing so contributes indirectly to violence by freeing other people to engage in it. Most peace churches support alternative service options such as service to refugees or in hospitals, as long as they are not associated with the military.

In America the first conference of historic peace churches was held in 1935 in Kansas.[3] Five years later in Canada, the Conference of Historic Peace Churches was formed in Ontario in 1940, headed by Harold Sherk to represent Mennonite, Brethren, and Quaker churches as they sought exemption from military service.[27]

At one time, active membership in and acceptance of the beliefs of one of the peace churches was required for obtaining conscientious objector status in the United States, and hence exemption from military conscription, or for those already in the military, honorable discharge. But after a series of court rulings, this requirement was dropped. In the United States, one may now claim conscientious objector status based on a personal belief system that need not be Christian, nor even based on religion.[28]

Peace churches, especially those with sufficient financial and organizational resources, have attempted to heal the ravages of war without favoritism. This has often aroused controversy, as when the Quakers sent large shipments of food and medicine to North Vietnam during the Vietnam War, and to U.S.-embargoed Cuba. The American Friends Service Committee and the Mennonite Central Committee are two charitable denominational agencies set up to provide such healing.

In the 1980s, the Quakers, Brethren, and Mennonites came together to create Christian Peacemaker Teams, an international organization that works to reduce violence and systematic injustice in regions of conflict.[29][30] This was motivated by the desire for Christians to take peacemaking as seriously as soldiers and governments take war-making.[31]

Other Christian pacifist groups

Further information: Christian pacifism

Christadelphians, 1863

The Christadelphians are one of only a small number of churches whose identity as a denomination is directly linked to the issue of Christian pacifism.[32] Although the grouping which later took the name "Christadelphian" had largely separated from the Campbellite movement in Scotland and America after 1848, it was conscription in the American Civil War which caused their local church in Ogle County, Illinois, to register as conscientious objectors in 1863 under the name "Christadelphians."[33] When the First World War was imminent Christadelphians in the British Empire took the same stance, though frequently faced military tribunals. During the Second World War Christadelphians were exempted and performed civil work – though some of the small number of Christadelphians in Germany were imprisoned and one executed.[34] The position was maintained through the Korean War, Vietnam War and today.[35][36]

Doukhobors

The Doukhobors are a Spiritual Christian denomination that advocate pacifism.[37] On 29 June 1895, the Doukhobors, in what is known as the "Burning of the Arms",[38] "piled up their swords, guns, and other weapons and burned them in large bonfires while they sang psalms".[39]

Holiness Pacifists

The Emmanuel Association, Reformed Free Methodist Church, Immanuel Missionary Church, Church of God (Guthrie, Oklahoma), First Bible Holiness Church and Christ's Sanctified Holy Church are denominations in the holiness movement known for their opposition to war today; they are known as "Holiness Pacifists".[40][41][42][43][44][45] The Emmanuel Association, for example, teaches:[45]

We feel bound explicitly to avow our unshaken persuasion that War is utterly incompatible with the plain precepts of our divine Lord and Law-giver, and with the whole spirit of the Gospel; and that no plea of necessity or policy, however urgent or peculiar, can avail to release either individuals or nations for the paramount allegiance which they owe to Him who hath said, "Love your enemies." Therefore, we cannot participate in war (Rom. 12:19), war activities, or compulsory training.[45]

Seventh-day Adventist Church, 1867

Adventists had sought and obtained exemption as conscientious objectors in 1864, and the Seventh-day Adventist Church from 1914 has a long history of noncombatancy service within and outside the military.[46] In practice today, as a pastor from the Seventh-day Adventist church comments in an online magazine run by members of the Seventh-Day Adventist church: "Today in a volunteer army a lot of Adventist young men and women join the military in combat positions, and there are many Adventist pastors electing for military chaplaincy positions, supporting combatants and non-combatants alike. On Veteran’s Day, American churches across the country take time to give honor and respect to those who “served their country,” without any attempt to differentiate how they served, whether as bomber pilots, Navy Seals, or Operation Whitecoat guinea pigs. I have yet to see a service honoring those who ran away to Canada to avoid participation in the senseless carnage of Vietnam in their Biblical pacifism."[47]

Churches of God (7th day)

The different groups evolving under the name Church of God (7th day) stand opposed to carnal warfare, based on Matthew 26:52; Revelation 13:10; Romans 12:19–21. They believe the weapons of their warfare to not be carnal but spiritual (II Corinthians 10:3–5; Ephesians 6:11–18).[48][49]

Molokans

The Molokans are a Spiritual Christian denomination that advocate pacifism.[50] They have historically been persecuted for failing to bear arms.[51]

Partially pacifist groups

Community of Christ

Although non-credal and not explicitly pacifist, the Community of Christ (formerly known as the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints) is emerging as an international peace church through such ministries as the Community of Christ International Peace Award, the Daily Prayer for Peace, and resources to support conscientious objection to war.[52][53][54] However, in the United States and worldwide, many church members are active in military service and the church provides active duty chaplaincy for outreach and ministry to military personnel.

Churches of Christ

Once containing a relatively large nonviolence faction, Churches of Christ are now more conflicted. Contemporary Churches of Christ, especially those that hold with the teachings of David Lipscomb, tend toward pacifist views.[55] This means that they believe that the use of coercion and/or force may be acceptable for purposes of personal self-defense but that resorting to warfare is not an option open to Christians.

Fellowship of Reconciliation

As noted above, there are peace groups within most mainstream Christian denominations. The Fellowship of Reconciliation was set up as an organization to bring together people in these groups and members of the historic peace churches. In some countries, e.g. the United States, it has broadened its scope to include members of other religions or none, and people whose position is not strictly for nonviolence. However, in other countries (e.g., the United Kingdom) it remains essentially an organization of Christian nonviolence.[56]

See also

References

  1. ^ Jones, Charles Edwin (1974). A Guide to the Study of The Holiness Movement. p. 213-314.
  2. ^ "The Way of Peace". Bruderhof. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
  3. ^ a b Concise Encyclopedia of Amish, Brethren, Hutterites, and Mennonites p6 Donald B. Kraybill – 2010 "In 1935, BRETHREN, Mennonites, and Quakers met in North Newton, Kansas, for a conference on peace. The term HISTORIC PEACE CHURCHES was developed at this conference in order to distinguish between the groups' biblically based peaceful ..."
  4. ^ The Brethren encyclopedia 1983 p608 "The American Civil War brought the peace churches together in combined appeals to government, both in the North and in the South ... This conference used the term historic peace churches as more acceptable to Mennonites than the term pacifist churches because the latter connoted theological liberalism. Called without prior agenda, the three-day meeting concluded with "
  5. ^ Mark Matthews Smoke jumping on the Western fire line: conscientious objectors p36 – 2006 "CHAPTER TWO The Historic Peace Churches – The three historic peace churches that united to lobby for reforming the treatment of conscientious objectors during World War II shared many religious beliefs, but they also differed in many "
  6. ^ Speicher, Sara and Durnbaugh, Donald F. (2003), Ecumenical Dictionary: Historic Peace Churches
  7. ^ G. Kurt Piehler, Sidney Pash The United States and the Second World War: New Perspectives on 2010 p265 "The Selective Service, in collaboration with the historic peace churches, created Civilian Public Service to provide ... In October 1940, to coordinate administration of the CPS camps, the historic peace churches established the NSBRO. "
  8. ^ Law review digest 1957 "Among the peace churches may be listed the Mennonite, Brethren, Friends, Christadelphians and Molakans. Other sects having a degree of pacifism in their doctrines include the Seventh Day Adventists, Assemblies of God and Churches of Christ. A more complex situation arises in connection with those registrants who do not base their nonresistant claims on church membership. "
  9. ^ "The Amish: Massacre at the Amish school in Nickel Mines, PA". Religioustolerance.org. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
  10. ^ "Religion". Hutterites.org. Archived from the original on 2010-05-11. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
  11. ^ "Anabaptists Today". Anabaptistchurch.org. 2007-06-20. Archived from the original on 2010-05-13. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
  12. ^ "Old Order River Brethren". Geocities.com. Archived from the original on 2009-10-27. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
  13. ^ Thomas, Devin (18 June 2014). "Brethren in Christ Weren't the Only "Holiness Pacifists" in the Early 20th Century". Brethren in Christ. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
  14. ^ Wittlinger, Carlton (1978). Quest for Piety and Obedience: The Story of the Brethren in Christ. Evangel Press. ISBN 0-916035-05-0.
  15. ^ "Christians & War" (PDF). The Brethren in Christ. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  16. ^ "Pacifism and Anastasia's Doukhobor Village". Doukhobor.org. Archived from the original on 2009-12-14. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
  17. ^ Moroi, Yuichi (2008). Ethics of Conviction and Civic Responsibility: Conscientious War Resisters in America During the World Wars. University Press of America. p. 54. ISBN 9780761840794.
  18. ^ "Dunkard Brethren Church". Dunkard Brethren Church. Archived from the original on 2010-07-28. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
  19. ^ Durnbaugh, Donald (1997). Fruit of the Vine: A History of the Brethren. Brethren Press. ISBN 0-87178-003-8.
  20. ^ "Taxonomy of 3 Spiritual Christian groups: Molokane, Pryguny and Dukh-i-zhizniki — books, fellowship, holidays, prophets and songs". Conovaloff, Andrei. Retrieved 2016-10-16.
  21. ^ "Brethern, Schwenkfelders and Other Plain People". Horseshoe.cc. Archived from the original on 2012-08-02. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
  22. ^ "Moravian Peacebuilders". Archived from the original on 2008-12-02. Retrieved 2008-09-18.
  23. ^ "Essay on Shaker History – Shaker Historic Trail – National Register of Historic Places". Nps.gov. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
  24. ^ "PCPJ – Pentecostals & Charismatics for Peace & Justice". Pcpf.org. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
  25. ^ Alexander, Paul (2009). Peace to War: Shifting Allegiances in the Assemblies of God. Cascadia Publishing House. ISBN 978-1-931038-58-4.
  26. ^ "issue-12-alexander-1". Quaker.org. Archived from the original on 2010-07-06. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
  27. ^ Josephson, Harold (1985). Biographical Dictionary of Modern Peace Leaders. Connecticut: Greenwood. pp. 878–9. ISBN 0-313-22565-6.
  28. ^ "Selective Service System: Fast Facts". Sss.gov. Archived from the original on 2009-05-07. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
  29. ^ About CPT | Christian Peacemaker Teams (Speech). Cpt.org. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
  30. ^ "History | Christian Peacemaker Teams". Cpt.org. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
  31. ^ Sider, Ron (1984). God's People Reconciling. Mennonite World Conference. Christian Peacemaker Teams. Strasbourg, France. Retrieved 28 June 2016. What would happen if the Christian church stationed as many praying Christians as the U.S. government has sent armed guerrillas across that troubled border? ... Do we not have as much courage and faith as soldiers?
  32. ^ Bryan R. Wilson Sects and Society 1961
  33. ^ Lippey. C. The Christadelphians in North America
  34. ^ James Irvin Lichti Houses on the sand?: pacifist denominations in Nazi Germany p65 – 2008 -"Albert Merz was executed in Brandenburg military detention prison on April 3, 1941 "
  35. ^ Norris, Alfred. The Gospel and Strife. Birmingham, UK: Christadelphian Magazine and Publishing Association.
  36. ^ Watkins, Peter. War and Politics: The Christian's Duty. Birmingham, UK: Christadelphian Auxiliary Lecturing Society.
  37. ^ The Rough Guide to Canada. Apa Publications. 1 June 2016. p. 957. ISBN 9780241279526. The Doukhobors were a sect who fled southern Russian in 1899 after being persecuted for their religious and political views. Fiercely pacifist, they rejected secular government and ignored the liturgy and procedures of the organized church, believing God resided in each individual rather than in a building or institution.
  38. ^ Tarasoff, Koozma J.; Conovaloff, Andrei (June 24, 2009). "Historic 1895 Burning of Guns : descriptions, selections and translations". Spirit-Wrestlers.com. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
  39. ^ Rak, Julie (2005). Negotiated Memory: Doukhobor Autobiographical Discourse. UBC Press. p. 37. ISBN 9780774810319.
  40. ^ Lewis, James R. (2001). The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions. Prometheus Books. ISBN 9781615927388.
  41. ^ Manual: First Bible Holiness Church. Muncie: First Bible Holiness Church. 1956. p. 4.
  42. ^ Discipline of the Reformed Free Methodist Church. The Sound of Trumpet Ministries. 17 March 1960. p. 14.
  43. ^ Guidebook of the Emmanuel Association of Churches. Logansport: Emmanuel Association. 2002. p. 15-17.
  44. ^ Alexander, Estrelda Y. (3 May 2011). Black Fire: One Hundred Years of African American Pentecostalism. InterVarsity Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-8308-2586-8.
  45. ^ a b c Beaman, Jay; Pipkin, Brian K. (2013). Pentecostal and Holiness Statements on War and Peace. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 73–74, 98–99, 124. ISBN 9781610979085.
  46. ^ Historical Dictionary of Seventh-day Adventists Gary Land
  47. ^ "Adventist Tomorrow: Militant Pacifism". 25 May 2018. Retrieved November 12, 2019.
  48. ^ Doctrinal Points of the Church of God (7th Day)
  49. ^ "Church of God 7th Day".
  50. ^ Hennacy, Ammon (1 May 2010). The Book of Ammon. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 406. ISBN 9781608990535. Molokan means "Milk Drinker." This name was given the Molokans in Russia by the Orthodox, because they were dissidents from the regular church, led communal lives, and were pacifists.
  51. ^ Waters, Tony (31 March 1999). Crime and Immigrant Youth. SAGE Publications. p. 37. ISBN 9781452263373. The Molokan Russians were an ascetic religious sect of the Russian Orthodox Church that settled in the Boyle Heights neighborhood of Los Angeles in 1904-1906. Their religious ideals included pacifism; indeed, the demands of the Russian draft for the Russian-Japanese War were cited as the cause of their flight from Russia in the first place.
  52. ^ Communication Services of Community of Christ, Independence Mo. "Community of Christ International Peace Award Honor Roll". Cofchrist.org. Archived from the original on 2012-09-04. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
  53. ^ Communication Services of Community of Christ, Independence Mo. "Community of Christ International Peace Award Nominations". Cofchrist.org. Archived from the original on 2012-07-23. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
  54. ^ "Peace and justice events, issues, action". Archived from the original on 2014-07-22. Retrieved 2010-06-03.
  55. ^ "Civil Government". Mun.ca. Archived from the original on April 10, 2009. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
  56. ^ Stan Morris; Naomi Bolderhey; Laura Visser. "International Fellowship of Reconciliation". Ifor.org. Archived from the original on 2009-11-29. Retrieved 2010-05-02.

Further reading

  • Driver, Juan (1970) How Christians Made Peace With War: Early Christian Understandings of War. Scottdale PA: Herald Press. ISBN 0-8361-3461-3
(1999) Radical Faith. Scottdale PA: Herald Press. ISBN 0-9683462-8-6
  • Friesen, Duane K. (1986) Christian Peacemaking and International Conflict: A Realist Pacifist Perspective. Scottdale: Herald Press. ISBN 0-8361-1273-3
  • Lederach, John Paul (1999) The Journey Toward Reconciliation. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press. ISBN 0-8361-9082-3
  • Ruth-Heffelbower, Duane (1991) The Anabaptists Are Back: Making Peace in a Dangerous World. Scottdale, PA: Herald Press. ISBN 0-8361-3552-0
  • Sider, Ronald (1979) Christ and Violence. Scottdale PA: Herald Press. ISBN 1-57910-656-0
  • Sampson, Cynthia (1999) "Religion and Peacebuilding." In Peacemaking in International Conflict: Methods and Techniques; edited by I. William Zartman, and J. Lewis Rasmussen. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press.
  • Stievermann, Jan. "A 'Plain, Rejected Little Flock': The Politics of Martyrological Self-Fashioning among Pennsylvania's German Peace Churches, 1739-65." William and Mary Quarterly 66.2 (2009): 287-324. online
  • Trocmé, André (1961) Jesus and the Nonviolent Revolution; Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2003. ISBN 1-57075-538-8
  • Wink, Walter, ed. (2000) Peace is the Way: Writings on Nonviolence from the Fellowship of Reconciliation. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books. ISBN 1-57075-315-6
  • Van Dyck, Harry R. (1990) Exercise of Conscience: A World War II Objector Remembers. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-584-9
  • McGrath, Willam (1980) Why We Are Conscientious Objectors to War. Millersburg, OH: Amish Mennonite Publications.
  • Horsch, Joh (1999) The Principle of Nonresistance as Held by the Mennonite Church. Ephrata, PA: Eastern Mennonite Publications.
  • Brown, Dale (1985) Biblical Pacifism: A Peace Church Perspective. Elgin, IL: Brethren Press. ISBN 0-87178-108-5

External links