Power politics

Power politics is a theory of power in international relations which contends that distributions of power and national interests, or changes to those distributions, are fundamental causes of war and of system stability.^{[1][additional citation(s) needed]}

The concept of power politics provides a way of understanding systems of international relations: in this view, states compete for the world's limited resources, and it is to an individual state's advantage to be manifestly able to harm others. Power politics prioritizes national self-interest over the interests of other nations or the international community, and thus may include threatening one another with military, economic, or political aggression to protect one nation's own interest.

Techniques

Techniques of power politics include:

• Deterrence theory, in which a weaker state deters attack by bolstering its defensive capabilities enough to render attacking infeasible
• Conspicuous weapons development (including nuclear development)
• Pre-emptive strikes
• Blackmail
• The massing of military units on a border, whether for stationing or for exercises
• The imposition of tariffs or economic sanctions (possibly to initiate a trade war)
• Proxy warfare
• Bait and bleed and "bloodletting" tactics
• Hard and soft balancing
• Buck-passing, in which a state attempts to coerce another state to confront a threat, in order to preserve its own capabilities and possibly intervene later
• The use of espionage to subvert another state's capabilities from within
• Covert and clandestine military operations, in which states obscure their role in an operation or conduct the operation in secret, respectively
• Shock and awe, in which a state uses a real (or played-up) show of force to deter potential attack
• Asymmetric warfare, in which a state uses unconventional warfare methods in order to exploit another's weaknesses
• Propaganda, in which a state or its agencies use adverse inaccurate information to weaken another's reputation.

Machtpolitik

The German version is Machtpolitik. It celebrates the idea of conflict between nations as a means of asserting the national will and strengthening the state. This idea is somewhat related to "Realpolitik", but it specifically acknowledges that the German Empire was established through the use of force by the Prussian military and Otto von Bismarck's diplomacy. It also reflects a romanticized view of military virtues and the belief that international conflicts have a moral purpose. For instance, Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, who was instrumental in Prussia's victories over Denmark, Austria, and France, once expressed a Machtpolitik sentiment by saying that "war is a part of the divine order of the world." This concept is also linked to militarism and social Darwinism.^[2][3]

See also

• Great power
• Colonialism
• Expansionism
• Extractivism (Trans-National Corporation)
• Global policeman
• Imperialism
• Power (social and political)
• Power Politics (Wight book)
• Realism (international relations)
• Realpolitik

References

Bibliography

• de Wijk, Rob (2016). Power Politics - How China and Russia Reshape The World. Amsterdam University Press.
• Hans Köchler, "The United Nations Organization and Global Power Politics: The Antagonism between Power and Law and the Future of World Order," in: Chinese Journal of International Law, Vol. 5, No. 2 (2006), pp. 323–340. ABSTRACT
• Michael Mann, The Sources of Social Power, voll. 1–4, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge-New York, 1986–2012.
• John Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2001.
• Hans J. Morgenthau, Scientific Man vs. Power Politics. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1946.
•  —, Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. New York NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1948.
• Geoff Mulgan, Good and Bad Power, Penguin, 2005.
• Martin Wight, Power Politics, 2nd ed., Pelican Books, 1979.
• Abraham Zaleznik, “Power and Politics in Organizational Life”, Harvard Business Review, May-June 1970.