Puya Meithaba

Puya Meithaba (Burning of the puya), or Lairik Meithaba^[a], refers to the annual commemoration of a legendary 18th-century scripture burning in post-colonial Manipur, or to the original libricide of Puya itself.^[2][3][4][5] There is no historical evidence that the libricide was planned, much less that it did happen. Nonetheless, the commemoration, organised by the Meitei National Front and others since 1979, has been a critical tool in the spread of Meitei nationalism and has mainstreamed a particular reconstruction of premodern Manipur, which has come to be uncritically reproduced even in academic publications.^[6]

Historical Background

The Meiteis — including the royal house — traditionally followed an indigenous cult of worship that revered nature, ancestors, and fertility gods and goddesses, called lais.^[7] Situated far outside Aryavarta, the region was immune from Vedic and Hindu influences; until at least the sixteenth century, the royal culture did not bear any signs of Hindu influence.^[7][b] In 1704, Charairongba, the incumbent King became the first royal figure to be initiated into Vaishnavism — coins inscribing "Sri Krishna" were minted in the aftermath and Hindu temples constructed for the first time but there is no evidence that much changed in the public sphere.^[7] His son Pamheiba ascended to the throne five years later and initially shew no inclination towards Vaishnavism, providing selective patronage to shrines for lais and even followed Meitei funerary rituals on Charairongba's death.^[7] However, in 1715, he adopted the Sakta tradition under one Bengali Brahmin and two years later, followed his father into being initiated as a Gaudiya Vaishnava; nonetheless, while Hindu temples were increasingly commissioned, patronage of Meitei sites continued as before.^[7]

C. 1720, Santa Das Goswami, a missionary from Sylhet arrived in his court; he preached Ramanandi Vaishnavism, upholding it as the most appropriate sect for warriors.^[7] That Pamheiba had to face an increasingly recalcitrant Cachar and Tripura — even discounting Burma, their traditional enemy —, the martial ethos of the sect fitted to Pamheiba's expansionist ambitions and perhaps, the common religious denomination afforded him more grounds to wage war on the cultural front; he converted in 1728 and, in the words of Rodney Sebastian, reframed the very concepts of kingship and the sovereign from within the religio-political authority of Ramanandi Vaishnavism, going on to adopt the title of "Maharaja" and identifying the region as the "Manipur" of Indian epical literature.^[7] Pamheiba also tried to unify the masses under a single religio-cultural authority, extensively Hindu-ising the cultural milieu in the process — mass-conversion rites were frequently held, translation of Puranas and Ramayana were commissioned,^[c] Hindu cultural norms like prohibition on beef were legalized, and Meitei festivals were hybridized with Hindu ones while lai shrines were destroyed, images of Meitei deities dismantled and recast into coins, and worship of some lais consigned only to the Brahmins.^[7]

Contemporary Narrative

In contemporary Meitei culture, which bears a deep ambivalence towards mainland India (and Hindu ethos), Pamheiba's reign serves as a moment of rupture in their transcendental history.^[8] He is alleged to have violently suppressed Sanamahism, the local religion as referred to today, and imposed Vaishnavism on his subjects via oppressive means.^[9][8][d] In furtherance, many local scholars — though not all — hold that Puyas — the ancient traditional texts of Meiteis — were destroyed at his orders with an aim of purging the traditional episteme; this narrative of libricide has gained immense popularity among Meiteis, notwithstanding the presence of hundreds of extant Puyas.^{[10][8][3][9]}

The precise date of the event is disputed.^[11] The details vary with authors and are often legendary in nature, that they need to explain the sheer number of extant Puyas — some mention that they were scheduled to be incinerated but flew away from the fire, another version mentions that they were indeed burnt but copies were already made of them in secret, yet another mentions that they were successfully transported out of the valley, yet another that the puyas were written in water-resistant ink and preserved underwater!^[9][8] A few scholars have even produced lists of the burnt Puyas.^[5][8] It has also been propounded that the usage of Bengali script in place of Meitei Mayek began after this purge.^[8][12]

Historicity

No primary source exists for the libricide.^[8][13] Some mention the event to have been chronicled in the Cheitharol Kumbaba but such claims do not withstand scrutiny —^[10][14] neither the manuscript of the royal chronicle in Meitei, preserved by the royal palace, mention any such event nor does a Bengali transliteration by Thongam Madhab, a royal scribe, c. 1925;^[15][16][e] while some late apocryphal manuscripts do purvey that Meitei texts were destroyed by the incumbent king Garib Nawaz on the 17th of Mera (?) in Sakabda 1654 (1732 CE), these were likely forged to support the then-prevalent collective memory in that they emend a line from Meetei Leima manghanye to Meetei Lairik manghanye.^[17][f][g]

Gangmumei Kamei notes that the libricide was referenced for the first time in the works of Khumanthem Kaomacha, a Brahmin balladist-turned-historian in his 1934 publication — Manipur Itibritti.^[21][h] Pandita-Raja Atombapu Sharma reiterated these claims in his 1952 work Pakhangba and the claim soon made into every local publication.^[22] Carmen Brandt, Jyotirmoy Ray, and others have doubted the historicity of the libricide and criticized scholars who had uncritically accepted the popular narratives even in the absence of reliable sourcing — local sources give low and contradictory values about the number of burnt scripts, ignore the numerous documents that were written in Meitei during and well after the reign of Pamheiba including the very Cheitharol Kumbaba, and misread Nawaz's attitude towards religion, better-described as one of strategic ambivalence, as one of missionary zeal.^{[8][23][14][13]}

Commemoration

The narrative about the intentional arsoning of the Puyas alongside a forced change of script occupies a prominent place in the collective memory of the Meiteis; it has become increasingly popular in Manipur since 1979^[i] when the nationalist-revivalists — under the banner of Meitei National Front — decided to commemorate the libricide in a heavily publicized event on the 23rd of January, every year, and evoke nostalgia for the Meitei script which went into increasing disuse.^[8][5][3][j] The main function remains restricted to the Sanamahi Temple at Imphal.^[5] The attendees have grown in number over the years but of late, the event has taken on more peaceful forms; for an example, no more books are being burnt that portrayed Meiteis as Hindus.^[25][5]

Brandt notes these commemorations to "serve the construction of a history of oppression" and thus, strengthen Meitei nationalism.^[8]

Notes

References

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