Red-throated parakeet

Green parakeet
Temporal range: Pleistocene - Present[1]
Nominate subspecies in South Texas, United States
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[3]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Psittaciformes
Family: Psittacidae
Genus: Psittacara
Species:
P. holochlorus
Binomial name
Psittacara holochlorus
(Sclater, PL, 1859)
Range of green parakeet sensu lato including the Socorro and Pacific parakeets (See the Taxonomy section)

The green parakeet (Psittacara holochlorus), green conure, or Mexican green conure[4] is a New World parrot. As defined by the International Ornithological Committee (IOC), it is native to Mexico and southern Texas in the Rio Grande Valley.[5]

Taxonomy and systematics

The green parakeet was formally described in 1859 by the English zoologist Philip Sclater under the binomial name Conurus holochlorus based on a specimen that had been collected near the town of Xalapa in the state Veracruz of southern Mexico.[6][7] The specific epithet holochlorus is from Classical Greek ὁλοχλωρος/holokhlōros meaning "all-green" or "all-yellow".[8] The green parakeet was formerly placed in the genus Aratinga,[7] but is now one of 12 species placed in the resurrected genus Psittacara that was introduced in 1825 by the Irish zoologist Nicholas Aylward Vigors.[9]

Three subspecies are recognised:[9]

  • P. h. brewsteri (Nelson, 1928) – northwest Mexico
  • P. h. holochlorus (Sclater, PL, 1859) – east, south Mexico
  • P. h. rubritorquis (Sclater, PL, 1887) – south Guatemala, Honduras and north Nicaragua

The subspecies P. h. rubritorquis has sometimes been considered as a separate species, the red-throated parakeet.[9]

The Socorro parakeet (Psittacara brevipes) was formerly considered as a subspecies.[9][10] The green parakeet was for a time placed in the genus Aratinga as A. holochlora but from about 2013 has been in its present genus Psittacara.[11][12]

Description

The green parakeet is 28 to 30.5 cm (11 to 12 in) long and weighs about 230 g (8.1 oz). The sexes are alike. Adults of both subspecies are generally green that is paler and yellower on their underparts. Their cheeks and throat have variable amounts of red speckles. Their underwing coverts are yellowish green and the undersides of their flight feathers and tail are olive-yellow. Their iris is orange-red surrounded by bare pale beige skin, their bill horn colored, and their legs and feet brownish. The subspecies P. h. brewsteri is overall somewhat darker than the nominate and has a slight glaucous cast on its head.[13]

Distribution and habitat

The nominate subspecies of the green parakeet is native in eastern Mexico from Nuevo León and Tamaulipas south to Veracruz. The subspecies P. h. brewsteri is in the northwestern Mexican states of Sonora, Sinaloa, and Chihuahua.[13] In the United States, the species is established in the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas; that sub-population's origin is unknown but could be derived from introduced individuals or by natural dispersion.[14][15][16] Sightings in California, Florida, and New Mexico are believed to be of escaped or released cage birds and the species is not on those states' lists.[17][18][19][20]

In its native range, the green parakeet inhabits semi-open landscapes including deciduous woodland, gallery forest, and scrublands. It shuns humid lowland forest and is typically found at elevations between 500 and 2,000 m (1,600 and 6,600 ft). In Texas it is also found in cities and towns.[13]

Behavior

The green parakeet is non-migratory but makes local movements in response to food availability.[13]

Its diet has not been fully documented but is known to include seed and fruits. It can be a crop pest.[13]

The breeding season has not been defined but appears to include at least January to April. It nests in tree cavities, caves, and cliff faces. The clutch size is four eggs. The incubation period is thought to be 23 days; the time to fledging and details of parental care are not known.[13]

Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open.

Songs and calls
Listen to green parakeet on xeno-canto

Its variety of vocalizations include "sharp squeaky notes", "loud harsh calls", and "shrill noisy chattering". Its flight call is "a rolling, harsh and high pitched screek...screek."[13]

Status

The IUCN follows the HBW taxonomy and so includes the Socorro and Pacific parakeets in its assessment of the green parakeet as being of Least Concern. It has estimated that the combined population numbers about 200,000 mature individuals and is decreasing. No immediate threats to the Mexican population have been identified.[2] NatureServe considers the species Vulnerable in Texas due to hunting pressure.[21]

References

  1. ^ "Fossilworks: Psittacara maugei". Archived from the original on 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
  2. ^ a b BirdLife International (2018). "Green Parakeet Psittacara holochlorus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T62296899A132190435. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T62296899A132190435.en. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  3. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  4. ^ "GREEN CONURE (Psittacara holochlorus)". World Parrot Trust. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  5. ^ Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P., eds. (January 2023). "Parrots, cockatoos". IOC World Bird List. v 13.1. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
  6. ^ Sclater, Philip Lutley (1859). "Descriptions of two new species of American parrots". Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology. 3nd series. 4: 224-226 [224-225].
  7. ^ a b Peters, James Lee, ed. (1937). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 3. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 186.
  8. ^ Jobling, James A. "holochlorus". The Key to Scientific Names. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 11 March 2025.
  9. ^ a b c d Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (February 2025). "Parrots, cockatoos". IOC World Bird List Version 15.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 11 March 2025.
  10. ^ Chesser, R.T.; Burns, K.J.; Cicero, C.; Dunn, J.L.; Kratter, A.W; Lovette, I.J.; Rasmussen, P.C.; Remsen, J.V. Jr; Stotz, D.F.; Winker, K. (2019). "Sixtieth supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds". The Auk. 136 (3): 1–23. doi:10.1093/auk/ukz042.
  11. ^ Chesser, R.T.; Banks, R.C.; Cicero, C.; Dunn, J.L.; Kratter, A.W.; Lovette, I.J.; Navarro-Sigüenza, A.G.; Rasmussen, P.C.; Remsen, J.V.J.; Rising, J.D.; Stotz, D.F.; Winker, K. (2014). "Fifty-fifth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-list of North American Birds". The Auk. 131 (4): CSi–CSxv. doi:10.1642/AUK-14-124.1.
  12. ^ Remsen, J.J.V.; Schirtzinger, E.E.; Ferraroni, A.; Silveira, L.F.; Wright, T.F. (2013). "DNA-sequence data require revision of the parrot genus Aratinga (Aves: Psittacidae)". Zootaxa. 3641 (3): 296–300. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3641.3.9.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g Eitniear, J. C., N. Collar, C. J. Sharpe, and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). Green Parakeet (Psittacara holochlorus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.grnpar.01 retrieved April 5, 2023
  14. ^ Chesser, R. T., S. M. Billerman, K. J. Burns, C. Cicero, J. L. Dunn, B. E. Hernández-Baños, R. A. Jiménez, A. W. Kratter, N. A. Mason, P. C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen, Jr., D. F. Stotz, and K. Winker. 2022. Check-list of North American Birds (online). American Ornithological Society. https://checklist.aou.org/taxa Archived 2020-02-20 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ "Texas State List". Texas Bird Records Committee of the Texas Ornithological Society. January 1, 2023. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
  16. ^ Uehling, Jennifer J.; Tallant, Jason; Pruett-Jones, Stephen (2019). "Status of naturalized parrots in the United States". Journal of Ornithology. 2019 (1–15): 907–921. doi:10.1007/s10336-019-01658-7. S2CID 145912200.
  17. ^ "Green Parakeet eBird species map". eBird. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
  18. ^ "Official California Checklist". California Bird Records Committee. February 4, 2023. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
  19. ^ "Official Florida State Bird List". Florida Ornithological Society. November 2022. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
  20. ^ Sartor O. Williams III (August 16, 2022). "Checklist of New Mexico Bird Species". New Mexico Bird Records Committee. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
  21. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved April 6, 2023.

Further reading

  • National Geographic Field Guide to the Birds of North America ISBN 0-7922-6877-6
  • National Audubon Society The Sibley Guide to Birds, by David Allen Sibley, ISBN 0-679-45122-6