Torna atrás
Torna atrás (Spanish pronunciation: [toɾnaˈtɾas]) or tornatrás is a term once used in 18th century Casta paintings to portray a mestizo or mixed-race person who showed phenotypic characteristics of only one of the "original races", such as European or Amerindian ancestry.[1] The term was also used to describe an individual whose parentage was half white and half "albino".[1]
Colonial Spanish America
The term torna atrás (in English, similar in meaning to "throwback" or "harken back to") could also refer to the appearance of racial characteristics not visible in the parents. An example is the child of a white person and a light-skinned person of partial African ancestry (albino)[a] born with darker skin than their African-descended parent.
The term torna atrás does not appear as a legal category in colonial documentation, but it is often shown in families portrayed in casta paintings in eighteenth-century Mexico.
| Miguel Cabrera, 1763[2] | Andrés de Islas, 1774[3] | Luis de Mena, ca. 1750[4] |
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Philippines
The term tornatrás was also used in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial era from the 16th to 19th century, to describe persons of mixed Austronesian (referred to as indio), Chinese (referred to as Sangley), and Spanish ancestry (referred to as filipinos/insulares or peninsulares), or just mixed Chinese and Spanish ancestry.
History
Although tornatrás was originally used to describe a descendant of mestizos, albinos and Europeans, in the Philippines they were commonly known as those born from a Spanish father ('filipino' or 'peninsular') and a mixed native and Chinese (mestiza de Sangley) mother or a pure-blooded Chinese mother; they can be born to a mixed native and Spanish parent and a mixed native and Chinese parent. Most people of the tornatrás caste in the Philippines used Spanish as their primary language, and in many cases converted to the Catholic faith. Examples of famous tornatrás persons in colonial history are José Rizal, Andrés Bonifacio, and Manuel Quezon.
There are no official statistics on the number of people of tornatrás ancestry around the world. Given historical and colonial patterns, it is believed[by whom?] that most are to be found in South America (including Peru, where the largest Asian population of mostly Chinese and Japanese blood lives) and the Philippines.
See also
Notes
References
- ^ a b "Definición de tornatrás". Real Academia Española. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
- ^ Katzew (2004), Casta Painting, 101-106. Paintings 1 and 3-8 private collections; 2 and 9-16 Museo de América, Madrid; 15 Elisabeth Waldo-Dentzel, Multicultural Music and Art Center (Northridge California).
- ^ Katzew, Ilona. Program for Inventing Race: Casta Painting and Eighteenth-Century Mexico, April 4-August 8, 2004. LACMA
- ^ Cline, Sarah. “Guadalupe and the Castas: The Power of a Singular Mexican Colonial Painting”. Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos Vol. 31, Issue 2, Summer 2015, pages 218–247.
- ^ Christopher Knight, "A Most Rare Couch Find: LACMA acquires a recently unrolled masterpiece." Los Angeles Times, April 1, 2015, A1.
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