Voiceless bilabial nasal
| Voiceless bilabial nasal | |
|---|---|
| m̥ | |
| IPA Number | 114+402A |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA | m_0 |
| Braille |    |
The voiceless bilabial nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨m̥⟩, a combination of the letter for the voiced bilabial nasal and a diacritic indicating voicelessness. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is m_0.
Features
Features of the voiceless bilabial nasal:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Because the consonant is also nasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
- Its place of articulation is bilabial, which means it is articulated with both lips.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
- It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aleut[1] | quhmax̂ | [qum̥aχ] | 'white' | Voiced approximants and nasals may be partly devoiced in contact with a voiceless consonant and at the end of a word. | |
| Alutiiq | keghmarluku | [kəgm̥aχluku] | 'bite it repeatedly' | Contrasts with voiced /m/. | |
| Burmese[2] | မှား/hma: | [m̥á] | 'false' | ||
| Central Alaskan Yup'ik[3] | pisteḿun | [ˈpistəm̥un] | 'to the servant' | ||
| Estonian[4] | lehm | [ˈlehm̥] | 'cow' | Word-final allophone of /m/ after /t, s, h/.[4] See Estonian phonology | |
| French | prisme | [pχism̥] | 'prism' | Allophone of word-final /m/ before voiceless consonants.[5] See French phonology | |
| Hmong | White Hmong | Hmoob | [m̥ɔ̃́] | 'Hmong' | Contrasts with voiced /m/. In Green Mong, it has merged with /m/.[6] |
| Icelandic | kempa | [cʰɛm̥pa] | 'hero' | Allophonic variation of /m/ before voiceless plosives. Minimally contrastive with /m/ before voiced plosives: kemba [cʰɛmpa] 'to comb'.[7] See Icelandic phonology | |
| Jalapa Mazatec[8] | hma | [m̥a] | 'black' | Contrasts with a voiced and a laryngealized bilabial nasal. | |
| Kildin Sami[9] | лēӎӎьк/ljeehmhmk | [lʲeːm̥ʲːk] | 'strap' | ||
| Muscogee | camhcá:ka | [t͡ʃəm̥t͡ʃɑːɡə] | 'bell' | Allophone of /m/ before /h/ when in the same syllable.[10] | |
| Ukrainian[11] | ритм/rytm | [rɪt̪m̥] | 'rhythm' | Word-final allophone of /m/ after voiceless consonants.[11] See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Washo[12] | Mášdɨmmi | [ˈm̥aʃdɨmmi] | 'he's hiding' | ||
| Welsh[13] | fy mhen | [və m̥ɛn] | 'my head' | Occurs as the nasal mutation of /p/. See Welsh phonology | |
| Xumi | Lower[14] | [m̥ɛ̃˦] | 'medicine' | Contrasts with the voiced /m/.[14][15] | |
| Upper[15] | |||||
| Yi[16] | ꂓ hmi | [m̥i] | 'name' | ||
Voiceless labiodental nasal
| Voiceless labiodental nasal | |
|---|---|
| ɱ̊ | |
| IPA Number | 152 429 |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA | r\`_r |
Features
Features of the Voiceless labiodental nasal:
- It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
- Its place of articulation is labiodental, which means it is articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Angami[17] | [example needed] | Allophone of /m̥ʰ/ before /ə/. | |||
See also
Notes
- ^ Bergsland, Knut (1997). Aleut grammar: = Unangam Tunuganaan Achixaasix̂. Research papers / Alaska Native Language Center. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska. ISBN 978-1-55500-064-6.
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 111.
- ^ Jacobson (1995), p. 3.
- ^ a b Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
- ^ Walter (1977), p. 35.
- ^ Ratliff (2003), p. 24.
- ^ Jessen & Pétursson (1998), p. 44.
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 107.
- ^ Kuruch (1985:529)
- ^ Martin (2011), p. 64.
- ^ a b Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 6.
- ^ Jacobsen (1964), p. 54.
- ^ Jones (1984:51)
- ^ a b Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367.
- ^ a b Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–383.
- ^ Gerner (2013), p. 21, 25.
- ^ Blankenship, B. "Phonetic structures of Khonoma Angami" (PDF).
References
- Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009), "Estonian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya (2013), "Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 363–379, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000157[permanent dead link]
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169[permanent dead link]
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
- Gerner, Matthias (14 October 2013). "Phonology". In Bossong, Georg; Comrie, Bernar; Epps, Patiencce L.; Nikolaeva, Irina (eds.). A Grammar of Nuosu. Vol. 64. De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783110308679. ISBN 9783110308679. ISSN 0933-7636.
- Jacobsen, William Horton (15 August 1964). A grammar of the Washo language (PhD). University of California, Berkeley – via eScholarship.
- Jacobson, Steven (1995), A Practical Grammar of the Central Alaskan Yup'ik Eskimo Language, Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center, ISBN 978-1-55500-050-9
- Jessen, Michael; Pétursson, Magnús (1998). "Voiceless Nasal Phonemes in Icelandic". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge University Press. 28 (1/2): 43–53. doi:10.1017/S002510030000623X. JSTOR 44526855. S2CID 143745742.
- Jones, Glyn E. (1984), "The distinctive vowels and consonants of Welsh", in Martin J. Ball and Glyn E. Jones (ed.), Welsh Phonology: Selected Readings, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, pp. 40–64, ISBN 0-7083-0861-9
- Kuruch, Rimma (1985), Краткий грамматический очерк саамского языка (PDF) (in Russian), Moscow
{citation}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-19815-6
- Martin, Jack B. (2011). "General phonological processes". A Grammar of Creek (Muskogee). University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 9780803211063 – via Google Books.
- Ratliff, Martha (2003). Bradley, David; LaPolla, Randy; Michialovsky, Boyd; Thurgood, Graham (eds.). Hmong secret languages: themes and variations. pp. 21–34. doi:10.15144/PL-555.21. hdl:1885/146727. ISBN 0-85883-540-1.
{cite book}:|work=ignored (help) - Walter, Henriette (1977). La phonologie du français. Presses universitaires de France – via Google Books.
Les phonèmes nasals sont généralement réalisés comme des consonnes sonores, mais il peut y avoir des réalisations sourdes (rhumatisme prononcé [-sm̥]). Ces réalisations sourdes se rencontrent en particulier en finale absolue, après consonne sourde