Abdullah ɗan Mas'ud

Abdullah ɗan Mas'ud
Rayuwa
Haihuwa	Makkah da Tihamah (en) , 594
ƙasa	Khulafa'hur-Rashidun
Mutuwa	Madinah, 653
Makwanci	Al-Baqi'
Ƴan uwa
Abokiyar zama	Q20393085
Ahali	Utba ibn Masud (en)
Ƴan uwa	view Al-Masudi (en) (Zuri'a)
Karatu
Harsuna	Larabci
Ɗalibai	view Anas bn Malik
Sana'a
Sana'a	qadi (en)
Aikin soja
Ya faɗaci	Badar Yaƙin Uhudu Yaƙin gwalalo Yaƙin Khaybar yaƙin Hunayn Nasarar Makka
Imani
Addini	Musulunci

Abdullahi ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan sahabban Annabi Muhammad ^[1]S.A.W

Abd Allah bn Mas'ud (Larabci: عبد الله بن مسعود, romanized: 'Abd Allāh ibn Mas'ud; c. 594 – c. 653) sahabi ne ga Annabin Musulunci Muhammad wanda hadisin Ahlus-Sunnah ke ganin mafi girman tafsirin Al-Qur'ani nasa. lokaci da na biyu har abada.^[2][3] Kuniya Abu Abd al-Rahman kuma ya san shi^[4][3]: 289 

Shekarun farko

An haifi Abd Allah bn Mas'ud a garin Makka a shekara ta 594[4]: 121  dan Masud bn Ghafil da Umm Abd bint Abdwadd, dukkansu daga kabilar Huzail ne,^[5][4]: 14. . Amma Mahaifiyar Ummu Abd Hind bint Al-Harith daga zuhra zuhra ce ta Kuraishawa, sai Masud suka kulla kawance da dan uwanta[4:14].

Abd Allah yana da ɗan'uwa, Utba, ^[6][6] da mata aƙalla a rayuwar Muhammadu. Daya ita ce Rayta bint Abd Allah, mai sana'a wacce ta tallafa wa Abd Allah da yaronsu ta hanyar sana'arta. Dayar kuma ita ce Zainab bint Abd Allah daga kabilar Thaqif ^[7][7]: 02  tana da 'ya'ya mata da dama. A cikin wasiyyarsa ya ayyana cewa kada a aurar da daya daga cikin ‘ya’yansa mata ba tare da saninsu ba[4]: : : 121 .

An siffanta shi da sirara, gajere, mai tsananin duhu, gashi kuma ya kai kafadarsa^[4]: 120  Abd Allah yana sanye da fararen tufafi, kuma ana iya gane shi a cikin duhu ta hanyar turarensa na musamman mai inganci.^[4] 4]: 119, 120  An ba da rahoton cewa yana da jama'a kuma yana son yin magana don sanya mutane cikin nutsuwa. A cikin halayensa da manufofinsa, an ce shi ne mutumin da ya “fi son Muhammadu”^[4]4]: 1 

Ibn Mas’ud ya kasance farkon mabiyin Musulunci, wanda ya musulunta kafin shekara ta 616.^[4][4]: 115  Ya zo na goma sha tara a jerin mutanen Ibn Ishaq da Abubakar ya musulunta ^[6][6]: 116. 

Lokacin yana matashi ya yi aiki a matsayin makiyayi ga Uqba bn Abu Mu'ayt[4]: 114  Ya fara haduwa da Muhammad da Abubakar a lokacin da suke kallon garken sa a lokacin da suke "gudu daga mushrikai". Suka nemi nono, amma Abd Allah ya ce ba zai iya sata a wurin aikin sa ba. Kamar yadda Mas’ūd ya ce, sai Muhammad ya nemi tunkiya da ba ta aura, ya shafa nononta, sai aka zuba nono. Nan take Abd Allah ya nemi a koya masa “wasu daga cikin wadannan kalmomi”, Muhammad ya fara koya masa Alkur’ani. Daga baya Abd Allah ya ce ya koyi surori 70 daga Muhammad^[4][4]: 114-115. 

Daga baya mahaifiyarsa^[7][7]: 201  da dan'uwansa^[6][6]: 147  shima ya musulunta.

A shekara ta 614 ne Kuraishawa suka fara yakin danne Musulunci ta hanyar zaluntar musulmi masu karamin karfi a cikin al'umma^[6][6]: 143  Abd Allah, a matsayinsa na bako wanda abokansa suka janye kariyarsu, ya kasance cikin sauki ga wannan fitina. Abu Jahl – daya daga cikin manya-manyan jagororin Kuraishawa – ya taba “ya yi masa naushi”^[6]6]:304. 

Musulmi sun ce wata rana kuraishawa ba su taba jin ana karanta Alkur’ani a sarari ba, don haka akwai bukatar wani ya sa su saurare shi. Abd Allah ya kyauta. Abokansa sun tunatar da shi cewa ba shi da wani majiɓinci don haka jama'a za su iya kai masa hari, amma Abd Allah ya ce, "Allah zai kiyaye ni." Ya tsaya gaban dakin Ka'aba ya fara karanta suratul Rahman daga cikin Alkur'ani. Lokacin da kuraishawa suka fahimci cewa yana karanta koyarwar Muhammadu, sai suka fara dukan fuskarsa, amma ya ci gaba da karantawa. Sai ya koma ga musulmi da raunuka a fuskarsa, yana mai cewa, “Ban taba raina makiyan Allah fiye da yadda nake yi yanzu ba, kuma in kuna so zan je in yi irin wannan abu gobe. Sai musulmi suka ce masa ai ya riga ya yi, “domin ka sa su ji abin da ba sa son ji.”^[6][6]:- 141-142.

Abd Allah da dan uwansa Utba na daga cikin wadanda suka yi hijira zuwa Habasha a shekara ta 616.^[4][4]: 115 ^[6][6]: 147  Abd Allah ya dawo Makka a shekara ta 619 tare da Abdurrahman bn Awf^[6][6]: 168 

Lokacin da musulmi suka yi hijira zuwa Madina a shekara ta 622, Abd Allah ya kwana wurin Muadh bn Jabal ko Saad bn Khaythama. Wata al’ada ta nuna cewa Muhammadu ya kulla ‘yan’uwantaka tsakanin Abd Allah da Mu’az bn Jabal; amma a cewar wani dan'uwan Abd Allah a Musulunci shi ne al-Zubayar bn Al-Awwam[4]: 115  A lokacin da aka bai wa 'yan hijira fili a Madina, an ba kabilar Zuhra wani yanki bayan masallacin, wanda ya hada da filaye ga Abd. Allah da dan uwansa Utba[4]: 115-116 

Mutanen waje sun fahimci Abd Allah da Mahaifiyarsa a matsayin 'yan gidan Muhammad.[4]: 117 [8] Ya yi aiki a matsayin bawa na kansa, yana kula da gadon Muhammadu, buroshin hakori, takalma da tsaftar tafiya. "Ya kasance yana duba shi idan ya yi wanka, ya tashe shi idan yana barci, yana tafiya tare da shi a cikin daji." An ce shi ne “Mai tsare sirri”[4]: 116 Muhammad ya tava ce masa ya hau bishiya ya kawo masa reshe. Sahabbai suka kwashe da dariya dan irin siririn kafafuwan Abd Allah. Muhammad ya ce: "Me ya sa kuke dariya, ƙafar Abd Allah za ta fi Dutsen Uhudu nauyi a ma'auni a ranar qiyama" [4]: ​​118. 

Muhammad ya gane Abd Allah a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masana Kur’ani guda hudu[9]. Ya taba tambayarsa ya karanta; a lokacin da Abd Allah ya ce: "Shin in karanta muku shi, alhãli kuwa kai ne aka saukar zuwa gare shi, kuma aka saukar?" Muhammad ya amsa, "Ina son jin ta bakin wani." Sai Abd Allah ya karanta shi har Muhammad ya yi kuka[10].

Abd Allah ya yaqi a yakin Badar[4]: 116 [6]: 338  Bayan yakin, Muhammad ya umurci mayaka da su nemo a cikin gawawwakin makiyinsa Abu Jahal, wanda wani tabo na musamman a gwiwarsa zai iya gane shi.

Abd Allah ya sami Abu Jahl Amr "a cikin hakinsa na karshe" tare da yanke masa kafa. Sai ya kama gemunsa ya ce, kai ne Abu Jahal? Sai Abu Jahal ya ce: “Shin za a iya samun wanda ya fi wanda kuka kashe ko kuwa wanda mutanensa suka kashe?” (11) Sai Abd Allah ya dora kafarsa a wuyan Abu Jahl Amr, ya ce: “Makiyin Allah, ya yi. Allah ya baka kunya?" Sai Abu Jahal Amr ya ce: "Yaya ya kunyata ni? Ni dai banda mutumin da kuka kashe? Ku gaya mini yadda yakin ya kasance." Abd Allah ya ce masa Musulmi sun yi nasara. Sai Abu Jahl Amr ya ce, “Kai ka yi hawan sama, ka dan makiyayi! Sai Abd Allah ya buge kansa. Ya kawo wa Muhammadu, yana mai shela, “Wannan shi ne shugaban maƙiyin Allah Abu Jahal!”[6]:-304,337-338. 

Abd Allah ya kuma yi Yaqin Uhudu, Yaqin Rarara da “dukkan yaqe-yaqe”[4]: 116  ciki har da Tabuka. Bayan shekaru ashirin, sai ya ce ya yi fatan ya mutu a Tabuka[6]: 608.

Bayan wafatin Muhammad, Abd Allah bn Mas'ud ya zama na takwas mafi shaharar masu watsa hadisi da jimillar ruwayoyi 848.[12]. Umar ya ce masa “kwali mai cike da ilimi”[13]: 444  Hadisai masu zuwa suna daga cikin wadanda aka jingina su gare shi.

Na tambayi Manzon Allah wane aiki ne mafifici? Sai ya ce: “Sallah a lokacinta”. Na ce: "To me?" Sai ya karva masa da cewa: kyautatawa iyaye. Na ce: "To me?" Sai ya ce: “Jihadi a tafarkin Allah”. Kuma da ba zan gushe ba don ƙarin tambayoyi amma saboda girmamawa[14].

Wani mutum ya ce: Manzon Allah wane laifi ne ya fi girma a wurin Allah? Sai ya karva masa da cewa: “Ka yi shirka da Allah wanda ya halicce ka”. Sai ya ce: "Me kuma?" Sai ya karva masa da cewa: Ku kashe yaronku don tsoron kada ya hada ku da abinci. Sai ya ce: "Me kuma?" Sai ya ce: "Ka yi zina da matar makwabcinka." Kuma Ubangiji mabuwayi da daukaka ya shaida cewa: “Duk wadanda ba su kiran wani abin bautawa tare da Allah, kuma ba su kashe wani rai da Allah Ya haramta ba, face da adalci, kuma ba su yi fasikanci ba, kuma wanda ya aikata haka, zai hadu da wani abu. sakamakon zunubi. [Qur'an 25:68] [15]

Muna tare da Manzon Allah a Mina, wannan wata ya rabu biyu. Daya daga cikin sassansa yana bayan dutsen, ɗayan kuma yana gefen dutsen. Manzon Allah ya ce mana: Ku yi shaida a kan haka[16].

Umar ya bai wa Abd Allah fansho dirhami 6,000, kuma an ce yana da kyauta sosai da kudinsa[4]: 119  Mahaifiyarsa kuma an ba shi fensho Dirhami 1,000.[7]: 202. 

A shekara ta 642 Umar ya nada shi a matsayin mai wa’azi da ma’aji kuma Alkali (qāḍī) a Kufa,[17]: 5–6, 14, 16 yana mai cewa: “Na fifita ku tare da shi a kan kaina, sai ku dauke shi”[4]. 119 

Rikici da Gwamnati

Abd Allah kuwa a matsayinsa na ma'aji ya baiwa Saad bn Abi Waqqas, gwamnan Kufa rancen kudi, da ya kasa biya sai suka yi ta rigima. Rikicinsu ya bazu zuwa ga magoya bayansu guda daya har suka zama ‘yan ta’adda guda biyu a cikin garin. Usman ya fusata da su biyun; a shekara ta 646 ya kira Saad, ya ciro kudi daga gare shi, ya maye gurbinsa da al-Walid bn Uqba. Shi ma ya yi tunanin maye Abd Allah, amma daga karshe ya yanke shawara a kan haka.[5]: 15–17, 45. 

A shekara ta 650, Abd Allah ya yi jayayya da al-Walid. An kawo koke ga Abd Allah domin ya binciki jita-jitar da ake yadawa cewa al-Walid yana shan barasa; Abd Allah ya amsa da cewa ba aikin sa bane yin leken asiri ga wani mutum. Al-Walid yana jin cewa wannan magana tana daidai da zargin laifinsa. Ya zargi Abd Allah da rashin kare mutuncinsa, suka rika zagin juna da baki[5]: 50–51  Al-Walid ma ya yi kokarin karkatar da kudaden jihar, amma Abd Allah ya ki biyan bukatarsa. Lokacin da Uthman ya umurci Abd Allah da ya yi biyayya ga al-Walid a cikin komai, Abd Allah ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa. Sai dai ya ci gaba da zama a Kufa yana sukar gwamna[18]: 109

Shi ma wani musulmi da ya dade yana aiki, Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, yana zaune a Kufa. Ya rayu a cikin jejin Al-Rabadha[3]: 69–70, f325  Bayan wani lokaci sai Abd Allah bn Mas'ud ya tafi aikin hajji a Makka. Yayin da ya ke wucewa ta al-Rabadha, rakumansa sun kusa taka makalar jana'iza. Wani bawa ya gaya masa cewa jana'izar ubangijinsa Abu Dharr al-Ghifari ce, wanda ya rasu shi kadai. Abd Allah ya fashe da kuka, yana mai cewa: "Manzon Allah ya yi gaskiya, ka yi tafiya kai kadai, ka mutu kai kadai, kuma za a tashe ka kai kadai!" Sai ya sauka daga rakumansa ya taimaka wajen binne tsohon abokinsa[6]: 606. 

Ibn Mas'ūd ya karanta ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun rubuce-rubucen "sahabi" na Qur'ani, wanda ya koyar a Kufa. Malam Sulaiman al-Aʽmash (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 147/765), wanda ya ci gaba da hadisin Ibn Mas’ud a wani bangare na karatunsa, ya ruwaito cewa: “Na zo Kufa kuma qira’ar Zaidu ba ta cikinsu, sai dai kamar karatun Abdullahi yana cikin ku a yau: babu wanda ya karanta shi face mutum daya ko biyu[30]. Ramon Harvey ya tabbatar da cewa karatun Ibn Mas’ud ya ci gaba da yin amfani da shi, har ma an koyar da shi a matsayin mafi rinjayen karatu a Kufa na akalla karni guda bayan rasuwarsa kuma ya nuna cewa wasu daga cikin karatuttukansa na musamman sun ci gaba da taka rawa a cikin fiqhun Hanafiyya[31].

Karatun Ibn Mas’ud ya taka rawa ko babba a cikin kowane karatun Kufan ​​na canal. Farfesa Shady Nasser ya lura cewa Isnadin Āṣim zuwa ga Annabi ya ratsa ta manyan rassa guda biyu. Daya daga cikin wadannan ya bi ta Ibn Mas'ud ta hanyar Zirr b. Hubaysh.[32]

Tasirin Ibn Mas’ud ya fi girma a cikin karatun Hamza da almajirinsa Al-Kisa’i. Hamza ya koyi karatunsa da farko daga 'yan uwansa Kufan ​​Ibn Abi Layla, da Al-A'mash, gwargwadon yadda na karshen ya dace da rasm na Uthmaniyya. Al-A'mash ya samo mafi yawan karatunsa daga na Ibn Mas'ud.[33]

Daga wurare masu yawa Arthur Jeffery ya tattara daruruwan bambance-bambance a cikin karatun Ibn Mas'ud (da sauran sahabbai) idan aka kwatanta da ma'ajin rubutu, wato bugu na Alkahira, wanda ya dogara da karatun Hafsu daga Asim[34]. ] Yawancin wadannan bambance-bambancen Al-A'mash ne ya ruwaito kuma sun zo a cikin Kitabul Masahif na Ibn Abi Dawud. Akwai kuma bayanai da ke nuna iyakar karatun Ibn Mas’ūd a cikin karatun littafan Kufan ​​ta fuskar ɗigon ɗigon baƙaƙe[35].

Abd Allah bn Mas'ud ya rasu a Madina a shekara ta 653[5]: 99  kuma an binne shi da dare a Al-Baqi'. An yi sabani ko Ammar bn Yasir ko halifa Usman ne ya jagoranci sallar jana'izarsa[4]: 121  Ya bar dukiya dirhami 90,000. Al-Zubayr bn al-Awam ya roki Halifa da ya ba wa magada Abd Allah fansho "saboda sun fi bukatar ta fiye da baitulmali." Uthman ya amince da wannan bukata, duk da cewa an yi sabani kan hakikanin kudin fansho[4]: 122.