Mikiyan Tawny

Mikiyan Tawny
Conservation status

Vulnerable (en) Fassara  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
ClassAves
OrderAccipitriformes (en) Accipitriformes
DangiAccipitridae (en) Accipitridae
GenusAquila (en) Aquila
jinsi Aquila rapax
Temminck, 1828
General information
Nauyi 118 g, 1.837 kg da 2.155 kg
Faɗi 1.706 m

Mikiyan Tawny[1][2] Mikiya tawny (Aquila rapax) babban tsuntsu ne na ganima. Kamar kowane gaggafa, nasa ne na dangin Accipitridae. Ƙafafunsa masu gashin fuka-fukai suna yi masa alama a matsayin memba na dangin Aquilinae, wanda kuma aka sani da booted eagles. Gaggafa na Tawny suna da kewayon kiwo mai faɗi amma ba da daɗewa ba wanda ya ƙunshi yawancin nahiyarAfirka da kuma yankin Indiya, tare da ƙarancin zama a Kudancin Gabas ta Tsakiya.[3] A cikin kewayon sa, yana fifita busassun busassun busassun wuraren zama kamar kwararowar hamada, ciyawar hamada, ko filayen savanna. Duk da fifikon da yake da shi ga wurare masu busassun, jinsunan ba safai suke faruwa a wuraren da bishiyoyi ba su nan. Mazauni ne mai kiwo wanda ke sanya ƙwai ɗaya zuwa uku a cikin gidan sanda mafi yawanci a cikin kambin bishiya. Mikiya tawny watakila ita ce mafi kyawun dama ga dukkan Aquilinae, kuma sau da yawa yakan yi ɓarna a kan gawa ko kuma ya shiga cikin kleptoparasitism ga sauran dabbobi masu cin nama amma kuma maƙiyi ne mai ƙarfin hali kuma mai aiki, sau da yawa manyan ganima iri-iri. An yi kiyasin cewa gaggafa na iya kai shekaru 16. Duk da haka, an gano raguwar faɗuwa a cikin kewayon mikiya. Dalilai da dama, musamman hasarar matsugunin gida saboda sare itace da dumamar yanayi, da kuma tsanantawa (mafi yawa ta hanyar guba) da sauran mace-macen bil'adama (mafi yawa ta hanyar tuntuɓar wasu abubuwan da mutum ya yi) suna korar mikiya mai yawa da yawa watakila zuwa gaɓar halaka.[4]

Taxonomy

Masanin halitta dan kasar Holland Coenraad Jacob Temminck ya kwatanta mikiya tawny a cikin 1828 daga wani nau'in samfurin Indiya.[10] "Tawny egle" ta zama sunan hukuma ta Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya (IOC).[5] Aquila Latin ne don "mikiya" yayin da rapax kuma Latin ne don "haɓaka", kuma yana da alaƙa da kalmar rapacious, watau mai tsananin farauta.[6][7][8]Mikiya tawny memba ce daga cikin dangin mikiya (Aquilinae) a cikin dangin Accipitridae.[9] Kabilar mikiya da aka kora suna daya-daya kuma nazarin karyotypes ya nuna cewa mai yiwuwa ba su da 'yan kaɗan ko ba su da kusanci na waje a cikin dangin da ba a taɓa gani ba.[10][11][12]Gidan mikiya da aka kora duk suna da gashin fuka-fukan da ke rufe kafafunsu kuma ana rarraba su a kowace nahiya da ke dauke da accipitrids.[13] An bayyana asalin Aquila a al'adance da manyan gaggafa, masu launin duhu da dogayen fuka-fukai na budaddiyar kasa.[14] Duk da haka, nazarin kwayoyin halitta ya haifar da sake rarrabawa da yawa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da motsin gaggafa ƙanana, paler da ƙarin gaggafa masu zama a cikin daji a cikin Aquila, rarrabuwar gaggafa na musamman zuwa jinsin Clanga da kuma rarraba wasu ƙananan gaggafa zuwa jinsin Hieraeetus a wajen Aquila. Bugu da ƙari kuma, binciken kwayoyin halitta ya ƙara bayyana rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin gaggafa masu kama da juna tsakanin mikiya tawny da danginta na kusa da sauran nau'ikan Aquila masu kama da kamanni irin na mikiya ta zinariya (Aquila chrysaetos). Ya zuwa yau, rukunin nau'in mikiya mai tawny da rukunin jinsin mikiya na zinare har yanzu suna cikin nau'in jinsi ɗaya duk da bayyanar rashin kusanci[15][16][17][18].

Mikiya da ke zaune a ƙasa tana nuna siffofi na yau da kullun: mikiya mai matsakaicin tsayi mai tsayi , ƙafafu masu gashin fuka-fukai, daidaitaccen firam da babban lissafin da ba shi da fage mai zurfi. A baya an kula da mikiya tawny a matsayin takamaiman tare da migratory steppe egle (Aquila nipalensis).[19][20] An dauki waɗannan gaggafa a cikin nau'in la'akari da su kamar 1991.[21]. An raba gaggafa da gaggafa tawny bisa bambance-bambancen da suka bayyana a cikin ilimin halittar jiki da na jiki. Mikiya mai girma tsuntsu ce mai girma, tana da gape mafi girma, kuma ta bambanta ta bayyanarsa a cikin firam ɗinta mai shinge, manyan fuka-fuki da launuka daban-daban a kowane mataki na haɓaka, duk da wasu nau'ikan gaggafa biyu suna kama da juna.[22] [23][24][25][26]Bugu da ƙari, nau'in Nazarin kwayoyin halitta guda biyu, kowannensu ya dogara ne akan ƙananan kwayoyin halitta, sun nuna cewa nau'in jinsin sun bambanta, amma sun sami sabani game da yadda suke da dangantaka.[27][28]. A bisa ka’ida, gaggafa tawny na iya taruwa sosai tare da hadadden nau’in mikiya na sarki duk da cewa mikiya ta fi jin tausayin gaggafa na arewa.[29]

Bayani

Rarrabawa da wajen zama

Manazarta

Preview of references

  1. ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawny_eagle
  2. ↑ https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22696033/131671001
  3. ↑ Gill F, D Donsker & P Rasmussen (Eds). 2020. IOC World Bird List (v10.2). doi : 10.14344/IOC.ML.10.2.
  4. ↑ http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/raptors/
  5. ↑ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "New World vultures, Secretarybird, kites, hawks & eagles". World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
  6. ↑ Naoroji, R., & Schmitt, N. J. (2007). Birds of prey of the Indian subcontinent. Om Books International.
  7. ↑ Steyn, P. (1983). Birds of prey of southern Africa: Their identification and life histories. Croom Helm, Beckenham (UK). 1983
  8. ↑ Brown, L. (1977). Eagles of the World. Universe Books
  9. ↑ Ferguson-Lees, J.; Christie, D. (2001). Raptors of the World. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0-618-12762-3.
  10. ↑ Helbig, A. J., Kocum, A., Seibold, I., & Braun, M. J. (2005). A multi-gene phylogeny of aquiline eagles (Aves: Accipitriformes) reveals extensive paraphyly at the genus level. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 35(1), 147-164.
  11. ↑ Li, Q., Lin, J., Li, S., Wang, Y., Li, W., & Zeng, Y. (2000). Studies on the evolution of mitochondrial DNA in 11 species of Accipitridae. Dong wu xue bao.[Acta zoologica Sinica], 46(2), 209-220.
  12. ↑ De Boer, L. E. M., & Sinoo, R. P. (1984). A karyological study of Accipitridae (Aves: Falconiformes), with karyotypic descriptions of 16 species new to cytology. Genetica, 65(1), 89-107.
  13. ↑ Brown, Leslie and Amadon, Dean (1986) Eagles, Hawks and Falcons of the World. The Wellfleet Press. ISBN 978-1555214722.
  14. ↑ Väli, Ü. (2002). Mitochondrial pseudo‐control region in old world eagles (genus Aquila). Molecular Ecology, 11(10), 2189–2194.
  15. ↑ Väli, Ü. (2002). Mitochondrial pseudo‐control region in old world eagles (genus Aquila). Molecular Ecology, 11(10), 2189–2194.
  16. ↑ Väli, Ü. (2002). Mitochondrial pseudo‐control region in old world eagles (genus Aquila). Molecular Ecology, 11(10), 2189–2194.
  17. ↑ Lerner, H. R., & Mindell, D. P. (2005). Phylogeny of eagles, Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 37(2), 327-346.
  18. ↑ Watson, Jeff (2010). The Golden Eagle. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4081-1420-9.
  19. ↑ Watson, Jeff (2010). The Golden Eagle. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4081-1420-9.
  20. ↑ Stresemann, E., & Amadon, D. (1979). Order Falconiformes. Check-list of birds of the world, 1, 271-425.
  21. ↑ Howard, R., & Moore, A. (1991). A complete checklist of the birds of the world (No. Ed. 2). Academic Press Ltd.Howard, R., & Moore, A. (1991). A complete checklist of the birds of the world (No. Ed. 2). Academic Press Ltd.
  22. ↑ Clark, W. S. (1992). "The taxonomy of Steppe and Tawny Eagles, with criteria for separation of museum specimens and live eagles" (PDF). Bull. B.O.C. 112 (3): 150–157. Retrieved 2019-07-29.
  23. ↑ Olson, S. L. (1994). "Cranial osteology of Tawny and Steppe Eagles Aquila rapax and A. nipalensis" (PDF). Bull. B.O.C. 114: 264–267
  24. ↑ Sangster, G.; Knox, A.G.; Helbig, A.J.; Parkin, D.T. (2002). "Taxonomic recommendations for European birds". Ibis. 144 (1): 153–159. doi:10.1046/j.0019-1019.2001.00026.x.
  25. ↑ Amadon, D., & Short, L. L. (1976). Treatment of subspecies approaching species status. Systematic Zoology, 25(2), 161-167.
  26. ↑ Brooke, R. K., Grobler, J. H, Irwin, M. P. S., & Steyn, P. (1972). A study of the migratory eagles Aquila nipalensis and A. pomarina (Aves:Accipitridae) in Southern Africa, with comparative notes on other large raptors. Occ. Papers of the Nat. Mus. of Rhodesia B5(2): 61–114.
  27. ↑ Naoroji, R., & Schmitt, N. J. (2007). Birds of prey of the Indian subcontinent. Om Books International.
  28. ↑ Clark, W. S. (1992). "The taxonomy of Steppe and Tawny Eagles, with criteria for separation of museum specimens and live eagles" (PDF). Bull. B.O.C. 112 (3): 150–157. Retrieved 2019-07-29.
  29. ↑ Helbig, A. J., Kocum, A., Seibold, I., & Braun, M. J. (2005). A multi-gene phylogeny of aquiline eagles (Aves: Accipitriformes) reveals extensive paraphyly at the genus level. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 35(1), 147-164.