Tarrafal concentration camp

Tarrafal camp
concentration camp (en)
Bayanai
Farawa	1936
Ƙasar asali	Portugal
Ƙasa	Cabo Verde
Time period (en)	Estado Novo (en)
Ma'aikaci	PIDE (en)
Date of official opening (en)	1936
Dissolved, abolished or demolished date (en)	1974
Heritage designation (en)	Heritage of Portuguese Influence (en) da Tentative World Heritage Site (en)
World Heritage criteria (en)	(iii) (en) da (vi) (en)
Wuri
15°15′51″N 23°44′38″W / 15.2642°N 23.7439°W / 15.2642; -23.7439
Ƴantacciyar ƙasa	Cabo Verde
Administrative territorial entity of Cape Verde (en)	Sotavento Islands (en)
Concelho of Cape Verde (en)	Tarrafal (en)

Tarrafal concentration camp^[1] Tarrafal wani sansanin taro ne da ke ƙauyen Chão Bom, a cikin Municipality na Tarrafal, a tsibirin Santiago a Cape Verde.^[2]

An kafa shi a cikin 1936, a lokacin tsarin sake tsara tsarin gidan kurkukun Estado Novo na Portugal, tare da manufar ɗaure fursunonin siyasa da zamantakewa. An zabi wurin da dabaru da dabaru, duka don kasancewa mai nisa don kada shaida ta fito fili, da kuma yanayin yanayi mara kyau, da karancin ruwan sha, da sauro da yawa a lokacin damina, wanda ke saukaka bayyanar cututtuka. Babban makasudinsa shi ne a zahiri da tunani don halakar da 'yan Portugal da na Afirka masu adawa da mulkin kama-karya na Salazar, tare da ware su daga sauran duniya cikin yanayin zaman talala, zalunci, da rashin kwanciyar hankali.^[3]

A akida Tarrafal yana da dalilai guda biyu. Na farko, za a yi amfani da shi don cirewa da kuma ware fursunonin siyasa waɗanda suka tarwatsa gidajen yarin ƙasar ta hanyar zanga-zanga da zaman dirshan. Na biyu, sansanin zai sami yanayi mai tsauri don aikewa da saƙo mai haske ga 'yan adawa a Portugal cewa gwamnatin Salazar ba za ta amince da kowane irin adawar siyasa ba. An bayyana waɗannan manufofin a fili a cikin sakin layi na farko na Dokar-Law No. 26539 (Decreto-Lei n.º 26 539), dokar da aka kafa don gina gidan yarin Tarrafal. Ya bayyana cewa sansanin - wanda zai kasance ƙarƙashin ikon PVDE (Polícia de Vigilância e de Defesa do Estado: 'Yan sandan Sirrin Portugal) - kawai don gudun hijirar fursunonin siyasa da zamantakewa waɗanda suka rushe wasu gidajen yari kuma an ɗauke su a matsayin " illa ga sauran fursunoni.^[4]

Kashi na farko, daga 1936 zuwa 1954, an yi niyya ne ga abokan adawar Portuguese. A ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 1936, fursunonin adawa 157 na farko sun zo daga Lisbon, wasu daga cikinsu sun shiga Tawayen Ruwa na 1936. A cikin shekaru biyu na farko, lokacin da gidan fursunoni kawai tantin zane ne, an tilasta musu yin aiki na kwanaki 45. a cikin matsanancin zafi don gina bangon sansanin da sauran abubuwan more rayuwa. Lokacin da cututtuka na farko suka fara bayyana, likita daya tilo ba shi da maganin da zai yi wa majinyata, don haka ya takaita da bayar da takardar shaidar mutuwa. Daga cikin 340 na Portuguese anti-fascists da suka wuce ta cikin sansanin, 34 sun mutu. Fitattun wadanda abin ya shafa sun hada da Bento Gonçalves, shugaban jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Portugal, da Mário Castelhano, shugaban kungiyar kwadago ta Janar. "Frigideira" (Turanci: "frying pan"), wanda kuma ake kira "zakin kawarwa" ko "zabar azabtarwa" ta fursunoni, wuri ne na azabtarwa inda ake azabtar da fursunoni, an hana su abinci, haske, da kuma yanayin zafi tsakanin 50. kuma 60 digiri. "Frigideira" ne ke da alhakin mutuwar fursunoni 30, da kuma rashin lafiyar wasu da dama. Gidan kayan gargajiya na yanzu ya ce fursunoni sun kwashe kwanaki 2824 a cikin "Frigideira".^[5]

A kashi na biyu, wanda ya sake bude sansanin a ranar 14 ga Afrilun 1961, ya fara rike masu fafutuka daga gwagwarmayar 'yantar da kasa na yakin Turawan mulkin mallaka na Portugal a Angola, Guinea-Bissau, da Cape Verde. 'Yan Angola 106, 'yan Guinea 100, da Cape Verde 20 sun bi ta Tarrafal. Maye gurbin "Frigideira", "Holandinha" aka bude, da kusan manufa daya, kasancewar "dan tsayi fiye da mutum a tsaye, dan kadan fiye da mutumin da ke kwance, dan fadi fiye da mutum a zaune, da dan kadan. taga bare" da "tanda na gaske". Fursunonin siyasa na Angola daya da na Guinea biyu sun mutu a wannan sansan.^[6]

Bayan juyin juya halin Carnation a cikin 1974, tare da ƙarshen mulkin kama-karya na Estado Novo, an rufe sansanin bayan mako guda. A cikin 2009 an canza shi zuwa gidan kayan tarihi na Resistance, kuma a halin yanzu ana ci gaba da aiwatar da aikin da nufin neman shiga cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na UNESCO. A ranar 14 ga Agusta, 2016, gwamnatin Cape Verde ta amince da sansanin Tarrafal Concentration a Santiago da abubuwan da suka dogara da shi a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Jamhuriyar Cape Verde. Domin girmama gwagwarmaya da juriya na adawa da Fascist a Cape Verde, an keɓe 29 ga Oktoba a matsayin "Ranar Resistance Antifascist".

Ana kiran sansanin "sansanin taro na Tarrafal" (Portuguese: campo de concentração do Tarrafal) kuma a matsayin "Slow Death Camp" (Portuguese: campo da morte lenta) ko "Tarrafal Camp" (Portuguese: campo do Tarrafal). Sunan hukuma na sansanin shine "Cape Verde Penal Colony" (Portuguese: colónia penal de Cabo Verde) a kashi na farko, da "Chão Bom Labor Camp" (Portuguese: campo de trabalho de Chão Bom) a karo na biyu. Ana kuma kiranta da "Ƙauyen Mutuwa", "Swamp of Death", da kuma "Ƙarar Rawaya".

An kafa sansanin Tarrafal Concentration a cikin 1936 ta Dokar 26:539 na 23 Afrilu 1936, a cikin yanayin sake tsara tsarin gidan kurkuku na Estado Novo, tare da manufar ɗaure fursunonin siyasa da zamantakewa. An zabi wurin ne da dabara, domin yana da nisa don kada shaida ta zo ga jama'a, kuma saboda yanayin da ba shi da kyau, da karancin ruwan sha, da sauro da yawa a lokacin damina, wanda ke saukaka bayyanar cututtuka da daga ciki. fursunoni da yawa sun mutu. Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a da Sadarwa ce ta gina ginin, kuma Cottinelli Telmo ne ya tsara aikin, mai suna "Penal Colony of Cape Verde". Cândido de Oliveira ya ce ba a bayyana ainihin manufar ginin ba saboda tsoron ra'ayin jama'ar Portugal da na duniya. Bisa ga "Dossier do Tarrafal" daga Editorial "Avante!", yawancin masu gadi sun kasance membobin PSP da ke da alaƙa da PVDE da kuma Portuguese Legion.