Yaƙin Darfur

Yaƙin Darfur

Iri	yaƙi
Kwanan watan	26 ga Faburairu, 2003
Wuri	Darfur (en)
Ƙasa	Sudan
Participant (en)	Sudan Revolutionary Front (en) Sudanese Awakening Revolutionary Council (en) Sudan Janjaweed United Nations–African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur (en)
Yana haddasa	international response to the War in Darfur (en)

Yakin Darfur, wanda kuma ake yi wa lakabi da Land Cruiser War, [bayanin kula 1] wani babban rikici ne na makami a yankin Darfur na Sudan wanda ya fara a watan Fabrairun 2003 lokacin da Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) da Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) suka yi tawaye. kungiyoyi sun fara yakar gwamnatin Sudan, wadda suke zargin ta danne al'ummar Darfur wadanda ba Larabawa ba.^[1][2]Gwamnati ta mayar da martani kan hare-haren ta hanyar gudanar da wani gangamin kawar da kabilanci a kan wadanda ba Larabawa ba na Darfur. Wannan ya yi sanadin mutuwar dubban daruruwan fararen hula tare da tuhumar shugaban kasar Sudan Omar al-Bashir da laifin kisan kare dangi da laifukan yaki da kuma cin zarafin bil adama da kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya ta yi.

Wani bangare na rikicin ya kunshi sojojin Sudan, 'yan sanda, da Janjaweed, kungiyar 'yan tawayen Sudan wadanda akasarin mambobinta ake daukarsu aiki a tsakanin 'yan asalin Afirka Larabawa da kuma wasu tsirarun 'yan kabilar Bedouin na arewacin Rizeigat; Yawancin sauran kungiyoyin Larabawa a Darfur sun kasance ba su da hannu.^[3]Bangaren kuma ya kunshi kungiyoyin ‘yan tawaye, musamman SLM/A da JEM, wadanda aka dauka da farko daga kabilun Musulman Fur, Zaghawa, da Masalit wadanda ba Larabawa ba. Har ila yau kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na da tawagar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta hadin gwiwa a yankin mai suna UNAMID. Ko da yake gwamnatin Sudan ta musanta cewa tana goyon bayan Janjaweed, amma shaidu sun tabbatar da ikirarin cewa ta ba da taimakon kudi da makamai da kuma hada kai hare-hare na hadin gwiwa, da yawa kan fararen hula. Kiyasin adadin mutanen da suka mutu ya kai dubu dari da dama, daga yaki ko yunwa da cututtuka. Matsugunan jama'a da ƙaura na tilastawa sun tilasta wa miliyoyin mutane shiga sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira ko kuma ta kan iyaka, lamarin da ya haifar da rikicin bil adama. Sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka Colin Powell ya bayyana lamarin a matsayin kisan kiyashi ko kuma kisan kiyashi.

Gwamnatin Sudan da JEM sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsagaita bude wuta a watan Fabrairun 2010, tare da kulla yarjejeniyoyin neman zaman lafiya. JEM tana da mafi yawan abin da za ta samu daga tattaunawar kuma tana iya ganin ikon cin gashin kai kamar Sudan ta Kudu.Sai dai tattaunawar ta wargaza sakamakon zargin da ake yi wa sojojin Sudan na kai hare-hare da kuma kai hare-hare ta sama kan wani kauye, wanda hakan ya saba wa yarjejeniyar Tolu. Kungiyar ta JEM, kungiyar 'yan tawaye mafi girma a Darfur, ta sha alwashin kauracewa tattaunawar. Daftarin kundin tsarin mulkin watan Agustan 2019, wanda wakilan sojoji da na farar hula suka rattabawa hannu a lokacin juyin juya halin Sudan, ya bukaci a samar da tsarin zaman lafiya da zai kai ga cimma yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya a yankin Darfur da sauran yankunan da ake fama da rikici a Sudan cikin watanni shida na farkon watanni 39. lokacin mika mulki ga gwamnatin farar hula ta dimokradiyya. An rattaba hannu kan wata cikakkiyar yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya a ranar 31 ga watan Agustan 2020 tsakanin hukumomin Sudan da wasu kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye don kawo karshen tashin hankalin da ke dauke da makamai.

Darfur, Larabci don "gidan Fur", ba wani yanki ne na al'ada na jihohin da aka shirya tare da babban kwarin Nilu ba amma a maimakon haka an tsara shi azaman sultanate mai zaman kansa a karni na 14. Sakamakon hijirar kabilar Banu Hilal a karni na 11 miladiyya, mutanen kogin Nilu sun zama larabci sosai yayin da yankunan da ke kusa suka kasance kusa da al'adun Sudan ta asali. A shekarar 1875 ne aka hade kasar Sudan ta Masar, sannan gwamnanta Slatin Pasha ya mika wuya ga kasar Mahdist a shekarar 1883. Bayan nasarar Anglo-Egypt a yakin Mahdist, Sultan Ali Dinar ya dawo da shi a matsayin abokin huldar Birtaniya kafin 1916 ya kore shi. balaguro bayan ya fara tallafawa daular Usmaniyya a lokacin yakin duniya na farko. Daga baya, Darfur ya kasance wani yanki na Anglo-Masar Sudan da Jamhuriyar Sudan mai cin gashin kanta.

Akwai bayanai iri-iri daban-daban dangane da asalin rikicin da ya faro a shekara ta 2003. Wani bayani ya kunshi rikicin filaye tsakanin makiyayan makiyaya da masu sana’ar noma. An kuma bayyana samun ruwa a matsayin babban tushen rikicin. Rikicin na Darfur kuma yana da nasaba da yakin basasar Sudan na daya da na biyu, tsakanin gwamnatin da Larabawa ke mamaye da kuma kiristoci da bakaken fata bakaken fata. Wani asali kuma shi ne rikici tsakanin masu kishin Islama, gwamnatin kasa mai hedkwata a Khartoum da kuma kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye biyu da ke da sansani a Darfur: Rundunar 'Yancin Sudan (SLA) da kungiyar Adalci da daidaito.

A farkon shekarar 1991, wadanda ba Larabawa ba na kabilar Zaghawa ta Sudan, sun ba da shaidar cewa, sun sha fama da kazamin yakin wariyar launin fata na Larabawa, da ke raba Larabawa da wadanda ba Larabawa ba. Larabawan Sudan, wadanda ke rike da gwamnati, ana kiransu da nuna wariyar launin fata ga mutanen Sudan wadanda ba Larabawa ba. An zargi gwamnatin da “taka-ta-ka-ta-kayi da hadin kan Larabawa” don aiwatar da manufofin wariyar launin fata da tsarkake kabilanci.Masanin tattalin arziki na jami'ar Amurka George Ayittey ya zargi gwamnatin Larabawa Sudan da aikata wariyar launin fata ga baki 'yan kasar.A cewar Ayittey, “A Sudan... Larabawa sun mamaye mulki, suka kuma kebe baki – wariyar launin fata ta Larabawa.”Yawancin masu sharhi na Afirka sun bi sahun Ayittey wajen zargin Sudan da aikata wariyar launin fata ta Larabawa.

Alan Dershowitz ya yi iƙirarin cewa Sudan misali ne na wariyar launin fata.Tsohon ministan shari'a na Kanada Irwin Cotler ya yi na'am da wannan zargi.^[4]

Marubutan Julie Flint da Alex de Waal sun bayyana cewa farkon tawayen ya kasance a ranar 21 ga Yulin 2001, lokacin da gungun Zaghawa da Fur suka hadu a Abu Gamra suka yi rantsuwa da Alkur'ani (Kusan dukkan mazauna Darfur musulmi ne, ciki har da Janjaweed, da sauransu). a matsayin shugabannin gwamnati a Khartoum.)^[5]don yin aiki tare don kare kai hare-haren da gwamnati ke kaiwa kauyukansu.Matakin soja na farko da 'yan tawayen suka yi shi ne nasarar kai hari a wani barikin sojoji a ranar 25 ga Fabrairun 2002. Gwamnati ta san da hadaddiyar kungiyar 'yan tawaye tun bayan harin da aka kai ofishin 'yan sanda na Golo a watan Yuni, 2002. Flint da de Waal ne suka fara kaddamar da harin. Kisan kare dangi na Darfur a ranar 26 ga Fabrairun 2003, lokacin da wata kungiya da ke kiran kanta da kungiyar 'yan tawayen Darfur (DFF) ta fito fili ta dauki alhakin harin da aka kai Golo, hedkwatar Jebel. Gundumar Marra. Ya zuwa wannan lokaci an kai hare-haren 'yan tawaye da dama a kan ofisoshin 'yan sanda, sansanonin sojoji da ayarin motocin sojoji sannan kuma gwamnati ta kai wani gagarumin farmaki ta sama da ta kasa kan tungar 'yan tawayen a tsaunin Marrah.

A ranar 25 ga watan Maris din shekarar 2003 ne 'yan tawayen suka kwace garin Tine da ke kan iyaka da kasar Chadi, inda suka kwace kayayyaki da makamai masu yawa. Duk da barazanar da shugaba Omar al-Bashir ya yi na cewa za a saki sojojin, amma sojojin ba su da wani tanadi. Tuni dai aka jibge sojojin a duka kudanci, inda yakin basasar Sudan na biyu ke shirin kawo karshe, da kuma gabashin kasar, inda 'yan tawayen da Eritrea ke daukar nauyi ke barazanar sake gina wani bututun mai daga tsakiyar tsakiyar kasar zuwa Port Sudan. Dabarar ‘yan tawayen na farmakin kai farmaki ta kai ga gagara ga sojojin – wadanda ba su da horo a ayyukan hamada – su iya tinkarar su. Duk da haka, tashin bama-baman da ta yi ta sama kan wuraren da 'yan tawaye suka yi a kan dutsen ya yi muni matuka.

Da misalin karfe 5:30 na safiyar ranar 25 ga watan Afrilun 2003 ne aka yi kisan kare dangi a yankin Darfur a lokacin da kungiyar 'yan tawayen Sudan da JEM, wadda ita ce babbar kungiyar 'yan tawaye a yankin Darfur, suka shiga Al-Fashir, babban birnin lardin Darfur ta Arewa inda suka kai hari kan sansanin barci. A cikin sa'o'i hudu masu zuwa, an lalata wasu bama-bamai guda hudu na Antonov da jirage masu saukar ungulu (a cewar gwamnati; bakwai a cewar 'yan tawayen) a kasa, an kashe sojoji 75, matukan jirgi da masu fasaha, sannan an kama 32, ciki har da kwamandan sansanin sojin sama. , Manjo Janar. Nasarar farmakin dai ba a taba yin irinsa ba a Sudan; A cikin shekaru ashirin da aka shafe ana yakin kudancin kasar, kungiyar 'yan tawayen Sudan ta SPLA ba ta taba kai irin wannan farmakin ba.

Harin Al-Fashir ya kasance wani sauyi, a fagen soji da na tunani. Hare-haren sun sha wulakanta sojojin da ke dauke da makamai, lamarin da ya jefa gwamnati cikin mawuyacin hali. Dole ne a sake horar da sojojin da ba su da kwarewa da kuma sake tura su aiki a cikin damuwa game da amincin da yawa daga cikin hafsoshi da sojoji na Darfur. An bai wa leken asirin sojan Sudan alhakin hukunta yakin. Duk da haka, a tsakiyar watanni na 2003, 'yan tawaye sun ci nasara 34 daga cikin 38. A watan Mayu, SLA ta lalata wata bataliyar a Kutum, inda ta kashe 500 tare da kama fursunoni 300; a tsakiyar watan Yuli, an kashe mutane 250 a wani hari na biyu da aka kai a Tine. Kungiyar SLA ta fara kutsawa zuwa gabas mai nisa, inda ta yi barazanar tsawaita yakin zuwa Kordofan. Ganin cewa sojojin suna shan kashi akai-akai, yakin ya canza zuwa jaddada abubuwa uku: leken asirin soja, sojojin sama da Janjaweed. Na baya-bayan nan makiyayan Baggara ne dauke da makamai wadanda gwamnati ta yi amfani da su wajen murkushe yunkurin Masalit daga 1986 zuwa 1999. Janjaweed ya zama cibiyar sabbin dabarun yaki da ta'addanci. Ko da yake gwamnati ta musanta goyon bayansu, amma an zuba kayan soji a cikin Darfur kuma an sanya Janjaweed a matsayin rundunar soji, cike da kayan sadarwa da wasu manyan bindigogi. Masu tsara shirye-shiryen soja suna sane da sakamako mai yiwuwa na irin wannan dabara: irin wannan hanyoyin da aka yi a tsaunukan Nuba da kewayen wuraren mai na kudanci a cikin shekarun 1990 sun haifar da cin zarafi mai yawa na take haƙƙin ɗan adam da ƙaura.

Nan da nan bayan da Janjaweed ya shiga cikin rikicin, an fara ba da labarin fyaden da ake yi wa mata da ‘yan mata, wanda galibi daga ‘yan bindiga da dama, kuma a tsawon tsawon dare, an fara ba da rahoto mai ban mamaki.Yara ‘yan kasa da shekara 2 ne aka ruwaito an kashe su, yayin da aka ci zarafin iyaye mata a gaban ‘ya’yansu. An kai wa ‘yan mata hari da karfi ta yadda ba za su iya tafiya ba bayan harin.[237] An ba da rahoton cewa ‘yan tawayen Janjaweed sun yi wa mutanen da ba Larabawa ba ne fyade, sakamakon manufar gwamnatin Sudan na kawar da baki ‘yan Afirka baki daya da kuma wadanda ba larabawa daga yankin Darfur baki daya. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Washington Post ta yi hira da wasu da aka tabbatar da wadanda aka yi wa fyaden kuma ta rubuta cewa ana amfani da kalmomin Larabci kamar "abid" da "zurga", wanda ke nufin bawa da baƙar fata. Wani da aka kashe mai suna Sawelah Suliman, wanda ya kai harin ya ce mata: “Bakar yarinya kin yi duhu sosai, kin zama kamar kare, muna so mu yi jariri mai haske.”Har ila yau, ya zargi Rundunar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa da yin fyade da kai hari tun a shekarar 2015.

An buga kididdigar asarar rayuka da yawa tun lokacin da aka fara yaƙin, daga kusan fararen hula 10,000 (ƙimar gwamnatin Sudan) zuwa ɗaruruwan dubbai.[241] A watan Satumban 2004, watanni 18 bayan barkewar rikici, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta kiyasta cewa an kashe mutane 50,000 a Darfur, galibi saboda yunwa. Wani kiyasi da aka sabunta da aka buga a wata mai zuwa ya nuna adadin wadanda suka mutu na tsawon watanni 6 daga Maris zuwa Oktoba 2004 saboda yunwa da cututtuka a 70,000; An soki waɗannan alkaluma saboda kawai sun ɗauki ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma ba su haɗa da mace-mace daga tashin hankali ba. Wani rahoton Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya na baya-bayan nan ya kiyasta cewa sama da mutane 300,000 ne suka mutu kuma wasu sun buga kiyasin adadin wadanda suka fi yawa.[wane?]

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2005, jami’in bayar da agajin gaggawa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Jan Egeland ya yi kiyasin cewa mutane 10,000 ne ke mutuwa a kowane wata, ban da mace-mace saboda rikicin kabilanci.Kimanin mutane miliyan 2.7 ne a wancan lokacin suka rasa matsugunansu, akasarinsu suna neman mafaka a sansanoni a manyan garuruwan Darfur. Dubu dari biyu ne suka tsere zuwa makwabciyar kasar Chadi. Rahotannin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi na mace-mace na tashin hankali sun nuna a tsakanin 6,000 zuwa 7,000 daga 2004 zuwa 2007.[246]. A watan Mayun 2005, Cibiyar Bincike kan Cututtuka na Bala'i (CRED) na Makarantar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Jami'ar catholique de Louvain a Brussels, Belgium ta buga wani bincike game da mace-mace a Darfur. Kiyasin da suka yi ya ce daga watan Satumba na 2003 zuwa Janairu 2005, tsakanin mutane 98,000 zuwa 181,000 sun mutu a Darfur, ciki har da mutuwar mutane 63,000 zuwa 146,000.

A cikin watan Agustan 2010, Eric Reeves ya bayar da hujjar cewa jimillar mace-mace daga dukkan musabbabin tashin hankali, kai tsaye da kuma kaikaice, a wancan lokacin cikin rikicin, ya zarce 500,000. Bincikensa ya yi la'akari da duk bayanan mace-mace da aka yi a baya da kuma nazarin, ciki har da wanda Cibiyar Bincike kan Cutar Kwayoyin cuta ta Bala'i. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana a ranar 22 ga Afrilun 2008 cewa mai yiwuwa ta raina adadin wadanda suka mutu a yankin Darfur da kusan kashi 50%. A watan Yulin 2009, The Christian Science Monitor ya buga wani op-ed yana mai cewa yawancin adadin mace-macen da aka buga na yaudara ne domin sun haɗa da adadin mutanen da suka mutu sakamakon cututtuka da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, da kuma waɗanda suka mutu sakamakon tashin hankali kai tsaye. A cikin Janairu 2010, Cibiyar Bincike kan Cututtuka na Bala'i ta buga wata kasida a cikin fitowa ta musamman ta Lancet. Labarin mai taken "Tsarin yawan mace-mace a rikicin na Darfur", an kiyasta da kashi 95% na yakinin cewa adadin wadanda suka mutu ya wuce 178,258 da 461,520 (tare da kusan 298,271), tare da kashi 80% na wadannan sakamakon cututtuka.