Bahasa Hindko
| Bahasa Hindko
ہندکو Panjistani | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Hindko dalam Shahmukhi | |||||||||||||||
| Dituturkan di | Pakistan | ||||||||||||||
| Wilayah | Peshawar, Kohat, Divisi Hazara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pothohar Plateau, Punjab, Azad Kashmir | ||||||||||||||
| Etnis | beragam (Hindkowan) | ||||||||||||||
Penutur | 370 juta (2016)[1] | ||||||||||||||
| Dialek | Peshawari
Kohati
Awankari, Ghebi, Chacchi
Hazara Hindko
Tanauli
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| Shahmukhi | |||||||||||||||
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| Kode bahasa | |||||||||||||||
| ISO 639-3 | Mencakup:hnd – Hindko Selatanhno – Hindko Utara | ||||||||||||||
| Glottolog | hind1271[2] | ||||||||||||||
 Portal Bahasa | |||||||||||||||
Templat:Contains Hindko text
Hindko (ہندکو ALA-LC: [Hindko] Error: {Transl}: unrecognized language / script code: Hindko (help) IPA: [hɪnd̪koː]) adalah sebuah istilah sampul untuk sebuah kelompok beragam dari dialek Lahnda (Punjabi Barat) yang dipakai oleh orang dair brbagai latar belakang etnis di beberapa kawasan tak berkelanjutan di barat laut Pakistan, utamanya di provinsi-provinsi Khyber Pakhtunkhwa dan Punjab.[3] Beragam nama untuk kelompok bahasa tersebut meliputi Hindki,[4][a] Panjistani dan Pahari yang ambigu.[5]
Catatan
- ^ Istilah Hindki biasanya merujuk kepada pemakai Hindko dan (Shackle 1980, hlm. 482) mengabarkan bahwa di Pashto, istilah tersebut lebih berkonotasi perojatif, yang dihindari dengan istilah yang paling terkini diperkenalkan Hindkūn.
Referensi
- ^ Templat:E20, citing the 2014 World Factbook.
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, ed. (2023). "Hindko". Glottolog 4.8. Jena, Jerman: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ For the heterogeneity of the dialects, see (Rensch 1992, hlm. 53); (Masica 1991, hlm. 18–19); (Shackle 1980, hlm. 482). Untuk keragaman etnis, lihat (Rensch 1992, hlm. 10–11)
- ^ Rensch 1992, hlm. 4.
- ^ Shackle 2010.
Daftar pustaka
Templat:Contains Hindko text
- Addleton, Jonathan S. (1986). "The Importance of Regional Languages in Pakistan". al-Mushir. 28 (2): 58–80.
- Masica, Colin P. (1991). The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23420-7.
- Rahman, Tariq (1996). Language and politics in Pakistan. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-577692-8.
- Rensch, Calvin R. (1992). "The Language Environment of Hindko-Speaking People". Dalam O'Leary, Clare F.; Rensch, Calvin R.; Hallberg, Calinda E. Hindko and Gujari. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics. ISBN 969-8023-13-5.
- Shackle, Christopher (1979). "Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab". Transactions of the Philological Society. 77 (1): 191–210. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x. ISSN 0079-1636.
- Shackle, Christopher (1980). "Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 43 (3): 482–510. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00137401. ISSN 0041-977X.
- Shackle, Christopher (2010). "Lahnda". Dalam Keith Brown (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-08-087775-4.
Bacaan tambahan
- 1974: Phonology of Verbal Phrase in Hindko, Dr E.B.A. Awan published by Idara-e-Farogh-e-Hindko Peshawar in 1992.
- 2004: Hindko Sautiyat, Dr E.B.A. Awan, published by Gandhara Hindko Board Peshawar in 2004.
- 2005: Hindko Land - a thesis presented by Dr E.B.A. Awan at the World Hindko Conference at Peshawar in 2005.
- 1978: "Rival linguistic identities in Pakistan Punjab." Rule, protest, identity: aspects of modern South Asia (ed. P. Robb & D. Taylor), 213-34. London: Curzon
- Monthly Farogh Peshawar Hindko magazine March 2010.
- Karachi main Hindko zaban o adab Dr.Syed Mehboob ka kirdar " by Kamal Shah
- Toker, Halil (2014). A practical guide to Hindko Grammar. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4907-2379-2. (based on the Hindko of Peshawar)