Negara kesejahteraan
Negara kesejahteraan adalah negara dengan konsep pemerintahan yang mengambil peran penting dalam perlindungan dan pengutamaan kesejahteraan ekonomi dan sosial warga negaranya. Konsep ini didasarkan pada prinsip kesetaraan kesempatan, distribusi kekayaan yang setara, dan tanggung jawab masyarakat kepada orang-orang yang tidak mampu memenuhi persyaratan minimal untuk menjalani kehidupan yang layak. Istilah ini secara umum bisa mencakup berbagai macam organisasi ekonomi dan sosial.[1] Sosiolog T.H. Marshall mengidentifikasi negara kesejahteraan sebagai gabungan demokrasi, kesejahteraan, dan kapitalisme. Para pakar menaruh perhatian khusus pada cara Jerman, Britania Raya dan negara-negara lain mengembangkan sistem kesejahteraannya secara historis.
Negara-negara kesejahteraan saat ini meliputi negara Nordik seperti Islandia, Swedia, Norwegia, Denmark, dan Finlandia.[2] Mereka menerapkan sistem yang dikenal dengan istilah model Nordik. Esping-Andersen mengelompokkan sistem negara kesejahteraan paling maju menjadi tiga kategori: Demokratik Sosial, Konservatif, dan Liberal.[3]
Negara kesejahteraan memerlukan transfer dana dari negara ke jasa-jasa yang disediakan (misalnya layanan kesehatan dan pendidikan) dan perorangan (dalam bentuk tunjangan). Dana tersebut berasal dari sistem pajak redistribusionis dan sering disebut sebagai contoh "ekonomi campuran".[4] Perpajakan semacam itu biasanya meliputi pajak pendapatan yang lebih besar bagi orang-orang berpendapatan tinggi, yaitu pajak progresif. Ini dapat membantu mengurangi kesenjangan pendapatan antara penduduk kaya dan miskin.[5][6][7]
Lihat pula
- Hukum anti-sosialis
- Ekonomi konstitusional
- Kesejahteraan perusahaan
- Kekuatan kelima
- Fleksikuritas
- Program pembonceng gratisan
- Negara Kesejahteraan Tersembunyi
- Ekonomi campuran
- Demokrasi sosial
- Negara induk
- Perlindungan sosial
- Jaminan sosial
- Stratifikasi sosial
- Syarat kesejahteraan sosial
- Kebijakan sosial
- Sosialisme Negara (Jerman)
- Konsekuensi tak diharapkan
- Kapitalisme kesejahteraan
- Reformasi kesejahteraan
- Negara kesejahteraan di Britania Raya
Model:
- Cara ketiga
- Model Nordik
- Model sosial Eropa
- Program sosial di Amerika Serikat
Transfer kekayaan:
- Pembayaran transfer
- Redistribusi kekayaan
- Strategi Cloward–Piven
Perumahan:
- Perumahan umum
- Housing estate
- Council house
Teknologi:
- Sistem Manajemen Kesejahteraan
Catatan kaki
- ^ Welfare state, Britannica Online Encyclopedia
- ^ Paul K. Edwards and Tony Elger, The global economy, national states and the regulation of labour (1999) p, 111
- ^ Esping-Andersen (1990); for a revision of his typology see Ferragina and Seeleib-Kaiser (2011).
- ^ "Welfare state." Encyclopedia of Political Economy. Ed. Phillip Anthony O'Hara. Routledge, 1999. p. 1245
- ^ Pickett and Wilkinson, The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better, 2011
- ^ The Economics of Welfare| Arthur Cecil Pigou
- ^ Andrew Berg and Jonathan D. Ostry, 2011, "Inequality and Unsustainable Growth: Two Sides of the Same Coin?" IMF Staff Discussion Note SDN/11/08, International Monetary Fund
Referensi
- Arts, Wil and Gelissen John; "Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism or More? A State-of-the-art report" Journal of European Social Policy:2: 2 (2002):137–58.
- Francis G. Castles; et al. (2010). The Oxford Handbook of the Welfare State. Oxford Handbooks Online. hlm. 67.
- Esping-Andersen, Gosta; Politics against markets, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press (1985).
- Esping-Andersen, Gosta; "The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism", Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press (1990).
- Ferragina, Emanuele and Martin Seeleib-Kaiser, "Welfare Regime Debate: Past, Present, Futures?" Policy & Politics: 39 (2011): 4: 583–611.
- Kenworthy, Lane. Social Democratic America. Oxford University Press (2014). ISBN 0199322511
- Korpi, Walter; "The Democratic Class Struggle"; London: Routledge (1983).
- Kuhnle, Stein. "The Scandinavian Welfare State in the 1990s: Challenged but Viable." West European Politics (2000) 23#2 pp. 209–228
- Kuhnle, Stein. Survival of the European Welfare State 2000 Routledge ISBN 0-415-21291-X
- Rothstein, Bo. Just institutions matter: the moral and political logic of the universal welfare state (Cambridge University Press, 1998)
- Stephens, John D. "The Transition from Capitalism to Socialism"; Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press (1979).
- Van Kersbergen, K. "Social Capitalism"; London: Routledge (1995).
- J. Cok. "Regimes and Cultures of Social Security: Comparing Institutional Models through Nonlinear PCA"; International Journal of Comparative Sociology:, 53: 5-6 (2012): 444–77.
Pranala luar
- An introduction to social policy Diarsipkan 2005-05-12 di Wayback Machine.
- Social Security Programs Throughout the World
- Race and Welfare in the United States Diarsipkan 2006-07-24 di Wayback Machine.
- García Calvo's Analysis of Welfare Society
- Shavell's criticism of social justice programmes
- Principles of Fairness versus Human Welfare: On the Evaluation of Legal Policy.
- Journal containing free daily information on welfare policies at local, national and EU level Diarsipkan 2010-06-04 di Wayback Machine.
- Western nations with social safety net happier. Benjamin Radcliff, September 25, 2013.
- "Widefare: Asia's Emerging Welfare States Spread Themselves Thinly" The Economist: Asia, July 6, 2013
- Lee Hyo-sik. "Korea Next to Last in Social Welfare Spending". The Korea Times, February 12, 2010. South Korea now spends less, but article points out that its rate of spending growth reached an annual average of 10.8 percent from 2004 through 2008, twice the OECD average, and predicts this rate of increase will continue its upward curve as the government has to spend more to care for the elderly and encourage people to have babies.
Data dan statistik
- OECD - Health Policy and Data: Health Division Website
- OECD - Social Expenditure database (SOCX) Website
- Contains figures on wages and benefit systems in various OECD member states
- The impact of benefit and tax uprating on incomes and poverty
- Contains information on social security developments in various EC member states from 1957 to 1978 Diarsipkan 2013-06-20 di Archive.is
- Contains information on social security developments in various EC member states from 1979 to 1989 Diarsipkan 2013-06-20 di Archive.is
- Contains information on social assistance programmes in various EC member states in 1993 Diarsipkan 2014-01-16 di Wayback Machine.
- Contains detailed information on the welfare systems in the former Yugoslav republics
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