Sterninae

Thalasseus bergii plumis anni primi

Animalia — Chordata

Classis : Aves
Infraclassis : Neognathae
Ordo : Charadriiformes
Subordo : Lari
Familia : Laridae
Subfamilia : Sterninae

Palaeontologia

Miocaeno inferiori ad Praesens

Subdivisiones: Genera

*Anous

Chlidonias
Gelochelidon
Gygis
Hydroprogne
Larosterna
Onychoprion
Phaetusa
Procelsterna
Sterna
Sternula
Thalasseus

Sterninae sunt aves maritimae familae Laridarum, quibus est distributio per omnem orbem terrarum, ubi prope mare, flumina, locos uliginosos plerumque inveniuntur. Aves huius familiae inter undecima genera sterninarum, larorum (sensu stricto), et rynchopum digeruntur. Sterninae sunt tenues et leves, longis caudis furcatis, alis gracilibus, longis rostris, brevibus cruribus. Animalia plurimarum specierum sunt cana pallida supra et alba infra, cum pilleo nigro in capite, sed Chlidoniati, Larosternis incis, nonnullisque anois saltem partim in anno sunt plumae obscurae. Sexus idem videntur, sed aves iuvenes facile ab adultis distinguuntur. Sterninis sunt plumae non parientes, cum frons albus et pilleus minor plerumque fit.

Species

Cladogramma coniunctiones inter genera sterninarum exhibet, et species secundum studia DNA mitochondrialia hodie agnitae infra perscribuntur.^[1]

Formula:Cladogram

Genus Anous
- Anous stolidus
- Anous minutus (aliquando subspecies Anoi tenuirostris habita)^[2]
- Anous tenuirostris
- Anous cerulea
- Anous albivitta (aliquando subspecies Anoi cerulea habita)^[2]
Genus Gygis
- Gygis alba

Genus Onychoprion
- Onychoprion lunatus
- Onychoprion anaethetus
- Onychoprion fuscatus
- Onychoprion aleuticus

Genus Sternula
- Sternula nereis
- Sternula balaenarum
- Sternula albifrons
- Sternula saundersi (olim subspecies Sternulae albifrontis habita)^[3]
- Sternula antillarum(olim subspecies Sternulae albifrontis habita)^[3]
- Sternula superciliaris
- Sternula lorata
Genus Phaetusa
- Phaetusa simplex
Genus Hydroprogne
- Hydroprogne caspia

Genus Gelochelidon
- Gelochelidon nilotica
- Gelochelidon macrotarsa
Genus Larosterna
- Larosterna inca

Genus Chlidonias
- Chlidonias niger
- Chlidonias leucopterus
- Chlidonias hybridus
- Chlidonias albostriatus (aliquando inter Sternas digestus)^[4]
Genus Thalasseus
- Thalasseus bengalensis
- Thalasseus albididorsalis
- Thalasseus maximus
- Thalasseus bergii
- Thalasseus bernsteini
- Thalasseus elegans
- Thalasseus sandvicensis
- Thalasseus acuflavidus (nuper ex Thalasseo sandvicensi extractus)^[5]

Genus Sterna
- Sterna forsteri
- Sterna trudeaui
- Sterna hirundo
- Sterna dougallii
- Sterna striata
- Sterna sumatrana
- Sterna hirundinacea
- Sterna vittata
- Sterna virgata
- Sterna paradisaea
- Sterna aurantia
- Sterna acuticauda (fortasse Chlidonias)^[1]
- Sterna repressa (fortasse Chlidonias)^[1]

Notae

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Cite warning: <ref> tag with name bridge cannot be previewed because it is defined outside the current section or not defined at all.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Cite warning: <ref> tag with name harrison388 cannot be previewed because it is defined outside the current section or not defined at all.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Harrison (1988) p. 382.
↑ Cite warning: <ref> tag with name birdlifealbostriata cannot be previewed because it is defined outside the current section or not defined at all.
↑ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Sandpipers, snipes, coursers". World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union .

Bibliographia

Barlow, Clive; Wacher, Tim; Disley, Tony (1997). A Field Guide to Birds of The Gambia and Senegal. Robertsbridge: Pica Press. ISBN 1-873403-32-1
Brookes, Ian (editor-in-chief) (2006). The Chambers Dictionary, ninth edition. Edimburgi: Chambers. ISBN 0-550-10105-5
Burton, Robert (1985). Bird Behaviour. Londinii: Granada Publishing. ISBN 0-246-12440-7
Constantine, Mark; The Sound Approach (2006). The Sound Approach to birding: a guide to understanding bird sound. Poole: The Sound Approach. ISBN 90-810933-1-2
Coles, Brian (2007). Essentials of Avian Medicine and Surgery. Oxoniae: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-4051-5755-1
Gochfeld, M., et J. Burger. 1996. "Family Sternidae (Terns)." In Handbook of Birds of the World, vol. 3: Hoatzin to Auks, ed. Josep del Hoyo, Andrew Elliott, et Jordi Sargatal, Jordi, 624–67. Barcinonae: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-87334-20-7. Archivum.
Harrison, Peter (1988). Seabirds: An Identification Guide. Londinii: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7470-1410-8
Hume, Rob (1993). The Common Tern. Londinii: Hamlyn. ISBN 0-540-01266-1
Hume, Rob; Pearson, Bruce (1993). Seabirds. Londinii: Hamlyn. ISBN 0-600-57951-4
Hutton, Frederick Wollaston; Drummond, James (2011) [1904]. The animals of New Zealand: an account of the dominion's air-breathing vertebrates (reprint ed.). Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-04002-0
Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. Londinii: Christopher Helm. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4
Linnaeus, Carolus (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.. Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii
Lockwood, W. B. (1984). Oxford Book of British Bird Names. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-214155-4
Lythgoe, J N (1979). The Ecology of Vision. Oxoniae: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-854529-0
Maehr, David S.; Kale, Herbert W. (2005). Florida's Birds. Sarasotae: Pineapple Press. ISBN 1-56164-335-1
Merriam-Webster (2014). "Tern - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Encyclopædia Britannica
Newton, Ian (2010). Bird Migration (Collins New Naturalist Library 113). Londinii: Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-730732-6
Olsen, Klaus Malling; Larsson, Hans (1995). Terns of Europe and North America. Londinii: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7136-4056-1
Perrins, Christopher M.; Arlott, Norman (1987). New generation guide to the birds of Britain and Europe. Austinopoli: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-75532-5
Miriam Rothschild; Theresa Clay (1953). Fleas, Flukes and Cuckoos. A study of bird parasites. Londinii: Collins
Sinclair, Sandra (1985). How Animals See: Other Visions of Our World. Beckenhamiae Londinii: Croom Helm. ISBN 0-7099-3336-3
Steele, John H; Thorpe Steve A; Turekian, Karl K (editors) (2001). Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences. Londinii: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-227430-5
Svensson, Lars; Mullarney, Killian; Zetterstrom, Dan; Grant, Peter (1999). Collins Bird Guide. Londinii: Collins. ISBN 0-00-219728-6
Takken, Willem; Knols, Bart G. J. (editores) (2007). Emerging pests and vector-borne diseases in Europe. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-8686-053-1
Turner, William. Evans, A. H.. ed. Turner on Birds (Auium præcipuarum, quarum apud Plinium et Aristotelem mentio est, breuis et succincta historia) (1903 ed.). Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press
Watling, Dick (2003). A Guide to the Birds of Fiji and Western Polynesia. Suvae Vitiorum: Environmental Consultants. ISBN 982-9030-04-0
Ziegler, Harris Philip; Bischof, Hans-Joachim (eds) (1993). Vision, Brain, and Behavior in Birds: A comparative review. Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-24036-X

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Sternidas spectant.

Pelliculae sterninarum. Internet Bird Collection.

[bridge-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Cite warning: <ref> tag with name bridge cannot be previewed because it is defined outside the current section or not defined at all.

[harrison388-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Cite warning: <ref> tag with name harrison388 cannot be previewed because it is defined outside the current section or not defined at all.

[harrison382-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Harrison (1988) p. 382.

[birdlifealbostriata-4] Cite warning: <ref> tag with name birdlifealbostriata cannot be previewed because it is defined outside the current section or not defined at all.

[ioc-5] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Sandpipers, snipes, coursers". World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union .

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]