Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

"B-17" dilencongkan ke sini. Untuk kegunaan lain, sila lihat B17 (nyahkekaburan).
"Flying Fortress" dilencongkan ke sini. Untuk filem 1942, sila lihat Flying Fortress (filem).
"B-17 Flying Fortress" dilencongkan ke sini. Untuk permainan video 1992, sila lihat B-17 Flying Fortress (permainan video).
B-17 Flying Fortress
Sebuah B-17G beraksi di pertunjukan udara Chino pada tahun 2014
Peranan Pengebom berat
National origin Amerika Syarikat
Pengeluar Boeing
Penerbangan sulung 28 Julai 1935; 89 tahun yang lalu (1935-07-28)[1]
Pengenalan April 1938; 86 tahun yang lalu (1938-04)
Dibersarakan 1968 (Tentera Udara Brazil)
Pengguna utamas Kor Udara Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat
Tentera Udara Diraja
Dikeluarkan 1936–1945
Jumlah dibina 12,731[2][3]
Kos seunit
  • AS$238,329 (1945)[4]
  • AS$NaN juta (dalam dolar Error: undefined index "US-GDP" when using {Inflation-year}.)
Kelainan
  • XB-38 Flying Fortress
  • YB-40 Flying Fortress
  • C-108 Flying Fortress
Dibangunkan kepada Boeing 307 Stratoliner

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress adalah sebuah pengebom berat berenjin empat yang dibangunkan pada tahun 1930-an untuk Kor Udara Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat (USAAC). Ia telah bersaing dengan Douglas dan Martin untuk satu kontrak membekalkan 200 buah pesawat pengebom. Cadangan Boeing (melalui prototaip Model 299/XB-17) mengatasi pesaingnya dan melepasi spesifikasi keupayaan yang ditetapkan oleh Kor Udara. Meskipun Boeing kehilangan kontrak ini (kepada Douglas B-18 Bolo) di sebabkan prototaipnya terhempas, Kor Udara telah memesan 13 buah lagi B-17 untuk penilaian lanjut. Bermula dengan pengenalannya pada tahun 1938, B-17 Flying Fortress dibangunkan menjadi pelbagai rekabentuk maju,[5][6] menjadi pengebom ketiga paling banyak dikeluarkan, di belakang B-24 dan pesawat pelbagai peranan berenjin dua Ju 88.

B-17 digunakan dengan meluas oleh USAAF untuk melaksanakan pengeboman strategik dalam Perang Dunia II pada waktu siang ke atas sasaran-sasaran tentera dan industri Jerman. Pasukan Udara Kelapan Amerika Syarikat yang berpangkalan di beberapa pangkalan udara di bahagian tengah, timur dan selatan England, manakala Pasukan Udara ke-15 yang berpangkalan di Itali, melengkapi pengeboman malam oleh Markas Pengebom RAF untuk mendapatkan penguasaan udara di bandar, kilang dan medan perang di Eropah Barat sebagai persediaan untuk serangan ke atas Perancis pada tahun 1944.[7] B-17 juga terlibat dalam perbatasan Lautan Pasifik pada awal Perang Dunia II, di mana ia melakukan serangan ke atas kapal dan lapangan terbang Jepun.[8]

Bermula dengan penubuhannya sebelum perang, menjelang bulan Jun 1941, the USAAF mempromosikan pesawat ini sebagai sebuah senjata strategik; di mana kelebihnnya dari segi kelajuan, altitud tinggi dan jarak jauh dengan persenjataan pertahanan dengan kehilangan muatan bom. Ia membina reputasi sebagai sebuah pengebom yang gagah berdasarkan cerita-cerita dan foto-foto B-17 yang rosak teruk kembali ke pangkalan dengan selamat. B-17 menggugurkan lebih banyak bom berbanding mana-mana pesawat A.S lain dalam Perang Dunia II. Sekitar 1.5 juta tan bom digugurkan ke atas Nazi Jerman dan wilayah jajahannya oleh pesawat A.S., lebih daripada 640,000 tan digugurkan oleh B-17.[9] Selain berperanan sebagai pesawat pengebom, B-17 juga digunakan sebagai pesawat pengangkut, anti kapal selam, pengawal dron dan cari-dan-lamat.

Sehingga Oktober 2019, 9 buah Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses masih diterbangkan, meskipun tiada sebuahpun yang pernah terlibat dalam pertempuran. Berdozen-dozen lagi berada dalam simpanan atau pameran statik. Antara pesawat tertua adalah sebuah siri-D yang diterbangkan dalam pertempuran di Pasifik dan Caribbean.

Lihat juga

B-17 yang diubahsuai untuk menguji enjin XT-34 turboprop. Apabila ujian disudahkan, pesawat dikembalikan semula ke konfigurasi kilang "Liberty Belle", tetapi musnah setelah terlibat dalam kebakaran semasa pendaratan paksa berdekatan Oswego, Illinois, pada 13 Jun 2011.
  • Peperangan udara dalam Perang Dunia II
  • Kelainan Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Pembangunan berkaitan

  • Boeing XB-15
  • Boeing XB-38 Flying Fortress
  • Boeing YB-40 Flying Fortress
  • Boeing C-108 Flying Fortress

Senarai berkaitan

Nota

Rujukan

Petikan

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Sumber

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Bacaan lanjut

  • Birdsall, Steve. The B-17 Flying Fortress. Dallas, Texas: Morgan Aviation Books, 1965. OCLC 752618401.
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  • Lloyd, Alwyn T. B-17 Flying Fortress in Detail and Scale, Vol. 20: More derivatives, Part 3. Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania: Tab Books, 1986. ISBN 0-8168-5029-1.
  • Lloyd, Alwyn T. and Terry D. Moore. B-17 Flying Fortress in Detail and Scale, Vol. 1: Production Versions, Part 1. Fallbrook, California: Aero Publishers, 1981. ISBN 0-8168-5012-7.
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Pautan luar

Templat:USAF bomber aircraft