Dreadnought

HMS Dreadnought Royal Navy, iaitu dreadnought pertama dunia
USS Texas, satu-satunya dreadnought yang masih wujud, telah dilancarkan pada 1912 dan kini menjadi sebuah muzium kapal.

Kapal dreadnought adalah jenis kapal tempur utama pada awal abad ke-20. Yang pertama seumpamanya, Dreadnought Royal Navy meninggalkan kesan yang begitu mendalam pada fikiran rakyat setelah dilancarkan pada tahun 1906 apabila kapal tempur yang serupa dibina kemudiannya dirujuk secara generik sebagai "dreadnought", dan kapal tempur paling awal dikenali sebagai "pra-dreadnought". Reka bentuk Dreadnought' mempunyai dua ciri-ciri revolusioner: satu sistem persenjataan "all-big-gun" (semua meriam besar), dengan banyak meriam berkaliber berat daripada kapal sebelumnya, dan propulsi turbin stim.[a] Semasa dreadnought menjadi simbol kekuasaan negara, ketibaan kapal perang baru ini adalah pemangkin utama dalam meningkatkan perlumbaan senjata laut antara United Kingdom dan Jerman. Dengan pelancaran kapal tunggal, Dreadnought, skala kuasa tentera laut telah dilaras semula dalam sekelip mata. Akibatnya, perlumbaan dreadnought berkembang di seluruh dunia, termasuk di Amerika Selatan, semasa menuju ke Perang Dunia I. Reka bentuk saiz seterusnya meningkat dengan pesat dan menambah pembaikan dalam persenjataan, armor, dan propulsi sepanjang era dreadnought. Dalam tempoh 5 tahun, kapal tempur baru telah mengatasi Dreadnought. Kapal yang lebih berkuasa ini dikenali sebagai "super-dreadnought". Sebahagian besar dreadnought asal telah dihapuskan selepas berakhirnya Perang Dunia I dibawah syarat-syarat Perjanjian Tentera Laut Washington, tetapi banyak super-dreadnought yang lebih baru terus digunakan sepanjang Perang Dunia II. Satu-satunya dreadnought yang terselamat ialah USS Texas, terletak berhampiran Tapak Bersejarah Medan Tempur San Jacinto.[1]

Pembinaan dreadnought menggunakan sumber yang luas pada awal abad ke-20, tetapi hanya terdapat satu pertempuran antara armada dreadnought yang besar. Dalam Pertempuran Jutland tahun 1916, tentera laut British dan Jerman bertembung dengan tanpa keputusan muktamad. Istilah "dreadnought" perlahan-lahan digugurkan penggunaannya selepas Perang Dunia I terutamanya selepas Perjanjian Tentera Laut Washington, kerana hampir kesemua kapal tempur yang tinggal berkongsi ciri-ciri dreadnought; istilah ini juga boleh digunakan untuk menggambarkan kruiser tempur, iaitu jenis kapal lain akibat daripada revolusi dreadnought.[2][3]

Nota

Nota kaki

  1. ^ At very close ranges, a projectile fired from a gun follows a flat trajectory, and the guns can be aimed by pointing them at the enemy. At greater ranges, the gunner has a more difficult problem as the gun needs to be elevated in order for the projectile to follow a proper ballistic trajectory to hit its target. This, therefore, needs accurate estimation (prediction) of the range to the target, which was one of the main problems of fire control. On warships, these problems are complicated by the fact that the ship will naturally roll in the water. Friedman 1978, halaman 99.
  2. ^ Lighter projectiles have a lower ratio of mass to frontal surface area, and so their velocity is reduced more quickly by air resistance.
  3. ^ See Friedman 1985, halaman 51, for discussion of alternative proposals for the kelas Mississippi.
  4. ^ Additional advantage is gained by having a uniform armament. A mixed armament necessitates separate control for each type; owing to a variety of causes the range passed to 12-inch guns is not the range that will suit the 9.2-inch or 6-inch guns, although the distance of the target is the same." First Addendum to the Report of the Committee on Designs, quoted in Mackay 1973, halaman 322.
  5. ^ In the United Kingdom: "Fisher does not seem to have expressed interest in ... the ability to hit an adversary at long range by spotting salvoes. It is also very difficult to understand just when this method was first officially understood"; Mackay 1973, halaman 322. And in America: "The possibility of gunnery confusion due to two calibers as close as 10 inci (250 mm) and 12 inci (300 mm) was never raised. For example, Sims and Poundstone stressed the advantages of homogeneity in terms of ammunition supply and the transfer of crews from the disengaged guns to replace wounded gunners. Friedman 1985, halaman 55.
  6. ^ In October W.L. Rogers of the Naval War College wrote a long and detailed memorandum on this question, pointing out that as ranges became longer the difference in accuracy between even 10-inch and 12-inch guns became enormous.Friedman 1985, halaman 55; "The advantage at long range lies with the ship which carries the greatest number of guns of the largest type", Report of the Committee on Designs, quoted in Mackay 1973, halaman 322.
  7. ^ Fisher first firmly proposed the all-big-gun idea in a paper in 1904, where he called for battleships with sixteen 10-inch guns; by November 1904 he was convinced of the need for 12-inch guns. A 1902 letter, where he suggested powerful ships 'with equal fire all round', might have meant an all-big-gun design. Mackay 1973, halaman 312.
  8. ^ Friedman 1985, halaman 126–128. Friedman notes, for instance, the total loss of power in the turbo-electric drive of converted battlecruiser USS Saratoga (CV-3) after just one torpedo hit in World War II.
  9. ^ Friedman 1985, halaman 104–105. While Nevada was designed and completed with oil-fired steam turbines, Oklahoma was designed and completed with oil-fired triple-expansion engines.
  10. ^ Dreadnought (1906) cost £1,783,000, compared to the £1,540,000 for each of the kelas Lord Nelson. Eight years later the kelas Queen Elizabeth cost £2,300,000. Comparable figures today are 142 juta; 123 juta; 168 juta. Original figures from Breyer, Battleships and Battlecruisers of the World, p.52, 141; comparisons from Measuring Worth UK CPI.
  11. ^ The Nassau and Heligoland classes were war prizes. The Kaiser and König classes, and first two of the Bayern class were scuttled (though Baden was prevented from sinking by the British who refloated her and used her as a target ship and for experiments). Battleships under construction were scrapped instead of being completed.
  12. ^ This process was well under way before the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty. Sixteen pre-dreadnoughts served during World War II in such roles as hulks, accommodation ships, and training vessels; two of the German training vessels Schlesien and Schleswig-Holstein undertook naval gunfire support in the Baltic.
  13. ^ The concept of an all-big-gun ship had been in development for several years before Dreadnought's construction. The Imperial Japanese Navy had begun work on an all-big-gun battleship in 1904, but finished the ship with a mixed armament. The United States Navy was building ships with a similar armament scheme, though Dreadnought was launched before any were completed.

Petikan

  1. ^ The Battle of Jutland: The Navy's Bloodiest Day. BBC. 2016.
  2. ^ Mackay 1973, m/s. 326, for instance.
  3. ^ Mizokami, Kyle (26 October 2016). "A Brief History of All the Warships Called "Dreadnought"". Popular Mechanics. Dicapai pada 27 October 2016. If the name of Britain's next nuclear sub sounds old, it's because it is very, very old.

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