Kem tahanan Nazi

Askar A.S. menunjukkan mayat-mayat yang dijumpai didalam Kem Tahanan Buchenwald kepada penduduk awam Jerman di Weimar

Jerman Nazi memiliki kem-kem tahanan (Jerman: Konzentrationslager [kɔntsɛntʁaˈtsi̯oːnsˌlaːɡɐ], KZ atau KL) diserata wilayah yang ditaklukinya. Kem tahanan pertama Nazi telah didirikan di Jerman pada Mac 1933 sejurus selepas Hitler menjadi Canselor dan Parti Nazi telah diberi kuasa mengawal pasukan polis melalui Menteri Dalam Negeri Reich Wilhelm Frick dan Pemangku Menteri Dalam Negeri Prusia Hermann Goering.[1] Digunakan untuk menahan dan mendera musuh politik dan penganjur kesatuan, pada mulanya kem tersebut menahan hampir 45,000 orang salah.[2]

SS Heinrich Himmler mengambil alih kawalan polis dan kem tahanan diseluruh Jerman pada tahun 1934–35.[3] Himmler mengembangkan peranan kem untuk menangkap apa yang dikenali sebagai "unsur-unsur perkauman yang tidak diingini" dalam masyarakat Jerman, seperti Yahudi, penjenayah, homoseksual, dan Romani.[4] Bilangan orang di kem, yang jatuh pada 7,500 orang, meningkat semula ke 21,000 orang pada permulaan Perang Dunia II[5] dan memuncak pada 715,000 orang pada Januari 1945.[6]

Kem-kem tahanan telah ditadbir sejak tahun 1934 oleh Inspektorat Kem Tahanan yang mana pada tahun 1942 telah digabungkan kedalam SS-Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt dan dijaga oleh SS-Totenkopfverbände (SS-TV).

Para cendiakawan sejarah Holokus membezakan antara kem tahanan (diterangkan dalam artikel ini) dan kem penghapusan, yang telah ditubuhkan oleh pihak Nazi untuk pelupusan besar-besaran terutamanya ghetto Yahudi dan populasi kem tahanan.

Lihat juga

Rujukan

  1. ^ "Holocaust Timeline: The Camps". Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2015-11-12. Dicapai pada 2015-11-03.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  2. ^ List of concentration camps and their outposts Diarkibkan 2006-07-16 di Wayback Machine (Jerman)
  3. ^ One of the best-known examples was the 168 British Commonwealth and U.S. aviators held for a time at Buchenwald concentration camp. (See: luvnbdy/secondwar/fact_sheets/pow Veterans Affairs Canada, 2006, “Prisoners of War in the Second World War”[pautan mati kekal] and National Museum of the USAF, “Allied Victims of the Holocaust”.) Two different reasons are suggested for this: the Nazis wanted to make an example of theTerrorflieger (“terror-instilling aviators”), or they classified the downed fliers as spies because they were out of uniform, carrying false papers, or both when apprehended.
  4. ^ Andrew Szanajda "The restoration of justice in postwar Hesse, 1945–1949" p.25 "In practice, it signified intimidating the public through arbitrary psychological terror, operating like the courts of the Inquisition." "The Sondergerichte had a strong deterrent effect during the first years of their operation, since their rapid and severe sentencing was feared."
  5. ^ William L. Shirer (2002). "The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich". p.967. Random House
  6. ^ Henry Maitles NEVER AGAIN!: A review of David Goldhagen, Hitlers Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust", further referenced to G Almond, "The German Resistance Movement", Current History 10 (1946), pp409–527.
  7. ^ Peter Hoffmann "The History of the German Resistance, 1933–1945"p.xiii
  8. ^ “Germany and the Camp System” PBS Radio website
  9. ^ Moshe Lifshitz, "Zionism". (ציונות), p. 304
  10. ^ Concentration Camp Listing Sourced from Van Eck, Ludo Le livre des Camps. Belgium: Editions Kritak; and Gilbert, Martin Atlas of the Holocaust. New York: William Morrow 1993 ISBN 0-688-12364-3. In this on-line site are published the names of 149 camps and 814 subcamps, organized by country.
  11. ^ Overy, Richard. Interrogations, p. 356–7. Penguin 2002. ISBN 978-0-14-028454-6
  12. ^ See, for example, Joseph Robert White, 2006, “Flint Whitlock. Given Up for Dead: American GIs in the Nazi Concentration Camp at Berga” (book review)
  13. ^ Otis C. Mitchell, "Hitler's Nazi state: the years of dictatorial rule, 1934–1945" (1988), p.217
  14. ^ David Clay, "Contending with Hitler: Varieties of German Resistance in the Third Reich", p.122 (1994) ISBN 0-521-41459-8
  15. ^ CNN – Army to honor soldiers enslaved by Nazis
  16. ^ Friedlander, Henry (1995). The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. m/s. 144.
  17. ^ "Ein Konzentrationslager für politische Gefangene In der Nähe von Dachau". Münchner Neueste Nachrichten ("The Munich Latest News") (dalam bahasa German). The Holocaust History Project. 21 March 1933.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  18. ^ Diary of Johann Paul Kremer
  19. ^ Janowitz, Morris (September 1946). "German Reactions to Nazi Atrocities". The American Journal of Sociology. The University of Chicago Press. 52 (Number 2): 141–146. doi:10.1086/219961. |number= has extra text (bantuan)
  20. ^ Wiesel, Elie. After the Darkness: Reflections on the Holocaust, Schocken Books, p. 41.
  21. ^ A film with scenes from the liberation of Dachau, Buchenwald, Belsen and other Nazi concentration camps, supervised by the British Ministry of Information and the American Office of War Information, was begun but never finished or shown. It lay in archives until first aired on PBS's Frontline on May 7, 1985. The film, partly edited by Alfred Hitchcock, can be seen online at Memory of the Camps.
  22. ^ Holocaust: The events and their impact on real people, DK Publishing in conjunction with the USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education, p. 146.
  23. ^ Holocaust: The events and their impact on real people, DK Publishing in conjunction with the USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education, p. 145.
  24. ^ Stone, Dan G.; Wood, Angela (2007). Holocaust: The events and their impact on real people, in conjunction with the USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education. m/s. 144. ISBN 0-7566-2535-1.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ "Bergen-Belsen", United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
  26. ^ "The 11th Armoured Division (Great Britain)", United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
  27. ^ Evans 2003, m/s. 344–345.
  28. ^ Evans 2005, m/s. 81.
  29. ^ Evans 2005, m/s. 85.
  30. ^ Evans 2005, m/s. 87–90.
  31. ^ Evans 2005, m/s. 90.
  32. ^ Evans 2008, m/s. 367.

Bibliografi

  • Browning, Christopher R. (2004). The Origins of the Final Solution : The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942. Comprehensive History of the Holocaust. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-1327-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich. Penguin Group. ISBN 978-0-14-303469-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Evans, Richard J. (2005). The Third Reich in Power. New York: Penguin Group. ISBN 978-0-14-303790-3.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Evans, Richard J. (2008). The Third Reich at War. New York: Penguin Group. ISBN 978-0-14-311671-4.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Snyder, Timothy (2010). Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00239-9.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Wachsmann, Nikolaus (2015) KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps. Little Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-72967-3.

Bacaan lanjut

  • Megargee, Geoffrey P., penyunting (2012). Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945. in association with United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35599-7.

Pautan luar

Templat:Holocaust