ढाँचा:Refend
ढाँचा कागजात[हेर्नुहोस्] [सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्] [इतिहास] [ताजा गर्नुहोस्]{refbegin} and its complementary closing template {refend} are used to apply any of several optional styles or presentational choices for bibliographies or reference lists—that is, lists of fully-specified references, sources, or works cited, sorted alphabetically by author or contributor—that appear in Wikipedia articles.
These bibliographies or reference lists frequently appear in dedicated sections within an article, variously titled == References ==, == Works cited ==, == Bibliography ==, == Further reading ==, == Published works ==, and so on.
Wikipedia referencing or citation systems that use bibliography-style reference lists include: 'shortened' footnotes and 'general' referencing.[१] The 'full' footnote referencing system does not use those lists. Any articles may contain a "Further reading" section or other sections with bibliography-style listings, that {refbegin} formatting could be applied to.
The formatting options provided by this template are:
| Option | How to get it | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| default display | {refbegin} |
no parameters needed, default fontsize is 90% of standard fontsize |
| display list in multiple columns | {refbegin|30em} |
where 30em determines the width of columns based on the browser's screen width. Can be any value generally (e.g. 20em, 50em, etc.). |
| apply hanging indent | {refbegin|indent=yes} |
will apply hanging indent if an individual reference wraps over more than one line in the browser's display window |
Each use of {refbegin}, with or without parameters, needs an accompanying {refend} closing template to 'turn off' the formatting; refend does not need any parameters.
Font size reduction is applied by default. Multi-columns and hanging indent may be applied separately or combined.
Usage
This template is used only for references—it should not be used to create lists of text which are smaller, in columns, or which have other style data associated with them.[२]
With all (optional) parameters shown:
== References ==
{refbegin |30em |indent= }
* list of bibliography/references entries..
...
{refend}
Placement
The {refbegin} is placed immediately below the header of the bibliography/references section its formatting will be applied to. The closing {refend} template is placed within the same section, at the end of the bibliography/references list content.
When used, each occurrence of {refbegin} should always be paired with a corresponding closing {refend} template:
== References ==
{refbegin}
* 1st entry in the bibliography/references list..
* 2nd entry in the bibliography/references list..
...
* last entry in the bibliography/references list..
{refend}
The formatting provided by {refbegin} is "turned on" at the location where the template is placed, and is applied to all text after and below it, until it is "turned off" by a closing {refend} template (or </div> tag). Failing to provide a closing {refend} may produce unwanted effects in other sections that may appear below the 'References', 'Bibliography' etc. section, such as 'External links' sections that are usually placed at or near the article's end.
Option 1: Default behaviour
The default usage (without parameters) applies a style that reduces the text size of the bibliographies/reference list entries. This can be useful to make a long bibliography/list of references display more compactly, and it also mimics the formatting style applied to footnotes by the {reflist} template.
The {reflist} formats footnotes—any text in the article body that is placed between <ref> tags—that are auto-generated by the cite.php extension, called by {reflist}. In the case of articles using the 'shortened' footnotes referencing system, these footnotes will typically contain an abbreviated citation such as <ref>Smith 2002, p.123</ref> that corresponds with an entry in the bibliography/references list section (other text such as discursive notes may appear as well).
The font size is set to 90% in the corresponding TemplateStyles page.
If the 'full' footnotes referencing system is used (i.e. there is no separate bibliography/references list, all cites/references are defined in <ref>...</ref> tags), then use {reflist} alone:
== References ==
{reflist}
If there is a bibliography/references list but no footnoted citations (e.g. in general references or parenthetical referencing systems) then use {refbegin} and {refend} like so:
== References ==
{refbegin}
* general reference 1
* general reference 2
{refend}
If there are footnoted citations and a separate bibliography/references list (i.e., the WP:CITESHORT system), then place {reflist} to generate the footnotes in one section (immediately above the bibliography/references list), and use {refbegin} in the latter section:
== Notes ==
{reflist} <!--this will auto-generate the numbered list of footnotes/cites -->
== References ==
{refbegin}
* bibliography entry / reference 1
* bibliography entry / reference 2
* etc
{refend}
Option 2: Multiple columns
If a value with a unit is supplied as the first parameter, i.e. 30em, the template will display the bibliography/references list in columns with a minimum width of that value, allowing the browser to determine the optimal number of columns.[३] Using {refbegin|30em} for instance is useful for short citations. If no parameter is specified, the default is a single column.
== References ==
{refbegin|30em}
* {cite journal |author= Southworth, Jane |author2= Catherine Tucker |date= August 2001 |title= The Influence of Accessibility, Local Institutions, and Socioeconomic Factors on Forest Cover Change in the Mountains of Western Honduras |url= http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021%5B0276:TIOALI%5D2.0.CO%3B2 |format= PDF reproduction, BioOne online |journal= Mountain Research and Development |location= Boulder, CO |publisher= International Mountain Society and United Nations University |volume= 21 |issue= 3 |pages= 276–283 |doi= 10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021[0276:TIOALI]2.0.CO;2
|issn= 0276-4741 |oclc= 107067006}
* {cite journal |author= Tucker, Catherine M. |author2= Darla K. Munroe |author3=Harini Nagendra |author4=Jane Southworth |date= June 2005 |title= Comparative Spatial Analyses of Forest Conservation and Change in Honduras and Guatemala |url= http://www.clas.ufl.edu/lueci/southworth/pubs-as-pdf/cs-3-1_10_jtuckeretal.pdf |format= PDF online open access article distributed under Creative Commons |journal= Conservation and Society |location= New Delhi and London |publisher= SAGE Publications |volume= 3 |issue= 1 |pages= 174–200 |issn= 0972-4923|oclc= 210806013}
{refend}
References
- Southworth, Jane; Catherine Tucker (अगस्ट २००१), "The Influence of Accessibility, Local Institutions, and Socioeconomic Factors on Forest Cover Change in the Mountains of Western Honduras" (PDF reproduction, BioOne online), Mountain Research and Development (Boulder, CO: International Mountain Society and United Nations University) 21 (3): 276–283, आइएसएसएन 0276-4741, ओसिएलसी 107067006, डिओआई:10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021[0276:TIOALI]2.0.CO;2।
- Tucker, Catherine M.; Darla K. Munroe; Harini Nagendra; Jane Southworth (जुन २००५), "Comparative Spatial Analyses of Forest Conservation and Change in Honduras and Guatemala" (PDF online open access article distributed under Creative Commons), Conservation and Society (New Delhi and London: SAGE Publications) 3 (1): 174–200, आइएसएसएन 0972-4923, ओसिएलसी 210806013।
Option 3: Hanging indentation
A hanging indentation may be applied to bibliographies/reference lists by using the |indent= parameter. This option can be useful in long bibliographies/reference lists and in particular when individual entries in the list are long, i.e. they wrap over more than one line in the browser display window. Applying a hanging indent to the list makes it much easier to distinguish the keywords (i.e. normally the authors' names) in the bibliography and makes them stand out from preceding and succeeding lines of text. Hanging indents in bibliographies also form part of several widely used citation style implementations, such as APA, MLA, and Chicago.
To use, set {refbegin|indent=yes}.
Examples
Using {refbegin} with the hanging indent option |indent=yes applied
== References ==
{refbegin|indent=yes}
* {cite book |author= Dakin, Karen|year= 1994|chapter= El náhuatl en el yutoazteca sureño: algunas isoglosas gramaticales y fonológicas|title= Investigaciones lingüísticas en Mesoamérica |series= Estudios sobre Lenguas Americanas, no. 1|editor1=Carolyn MacKay |editor2=Verónica Vázquez |publisher= Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Seminario de Lenguas Indígenas|location= México D.F.|pages= 3–86 |isbn= 968-36-4055-9 |oclc= 34716589 |language=es}
* {cite conference |author1=Flores Farfán |author2=José Antonio |year= 2002|title= The Use of Multimedia and the Arts in Language Revitalization, Maintenance, and Development: The Case of the Balsas Nahuas of Guerrero, Mexico |url= http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/ILAC/ILAC_24.pdf |format= [[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |conference= Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Stabilizing Indigenous Languages (7th, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May 11–14, 2000) |book-title= Indigenous Languages across the Community |editor1=Barbara Jane Burnaby |editor2=John Allan Reyhner |location= Flagstaff, AZ |publisher= Center for Excellence in Education, Northern Arizona University |pages= 225–236 |isbn= 0-9670554-2-3 |oclc= 95062129}
* {cite book |author= Rincón, Antonio del |year= 1885 |orig-date= 1595 |title= Arte mexicana compuesta por el padre Antonio Del Rincón de la compañia de Jesus: Dirigido al illustrissimo y reverendissimo s. Don Diego Romano obispo de Tlaxcallan, y del consejo de su magestad, &c. En Mexico en casa de Pedro, Balli. 1595 |url= http://storage.lib.uchicago.edu/pres/2005/pres2005-033.pdf |edition= Reprinted 1885 under the care of Dr. Antonio Peñafiel |format= [[Portable Document Format|PDF]] facsimile, University of Chicago Library digital collections|location= México D.F. |publisher= Oficina tip. de la Secretaría de fomento |oclc= 162761360 |language=es}
* {cite book |author= Voegelin, Charles F.|author2= Florence M. Voegelin |author3=Kenneth L. Hale |year= 1962 |title= Typological and Comparative Grammar of Uto-Aztecan I: Phonology |type= Supplement to International Journal of American linguistics, vol. 28, no. 1 |series= Indiana University publications in anthropology and linguistics, Memoir 17 |location= Baltimore MD |publisher= Waverly Press |oclc= 55576894}
{refend}
- Dakin, Karen (१९९४), "El náhuatl en el yutoazteca sureño: algunas isoglosas gramaticales y fonológicas", in Carolyn MacKay; Verónica Vázquez, Investigaciones lingüísticas en Mesoamérica, Estudios sobre Lenguas Americanas, no. 1 (स्पेनीमा), México D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Seminario de Lenguas Indígenas, पृ: 3–86, आइएसबिएन 968-36-4055-9, ओसिएलसी 34716589।
- Flores Farfán; José Antonio (2002). "The Use of Multimedia and the Arts in Language Revitalization, Maintenance, and Development: The Case of the Balsas Nahuas of Guerrero, Mexico" (PDF). Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Stabilizing Indigenous Languages (7th, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May 11–14, 2000). Flagstaff, AZ: Center for Excellence in Education, Northern Arizona University. pp. 225–236. . . http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/ILAC/ILAC_24.pdf.
- Rincón, Antonio del (१८८५), Arte mexicana compuesta por el padre Antonio Del Rincón de la compañia de Jesus: Dirigido al illustrissimo y reverendissimo s. Don Diego Romano obispo de Tlaxcallan, y del consejo de su magestad, &c. En Mexico en casa de Pedro, Balli. 1595 (PDF facsimile, University of Chicago Library digital collections) (स्पेनीमा) (Reprinted 1885 under the care of Dr. Antonio Peñafiel संस्करण), México D.F.: Oficina tip. de la Secretaría de fomento, ओसिएलसी 162761360।
|orig-date=प्यारामिटर ग्रहण गरेन (सहायता) - Voegelin, Charles F.; Florence M. Voegelin; Kenneth L. Hale (१९६२), Typological and Comparative Grammar of Uto-Aztecan I: Phonology (Supplement to International Journal of American linguistics, vol. 28, no. 1), Indiana University publications in anthropology and linguistics, Memoir 17, Baltimore MD: Waverly Press, ओसिएलसी 55576894।
Using indent in combination with multi-column display {refbegin|30em|indent=yes}
== References ==
{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}
* {cite book |author= Dakin, Karen|year= 1994|chapter= El náhuatl en el yutoazteca sureño: algunas isoglosas gramaticales y fonológicas|title= Investigaciones lingüísticas en Mesoamérica |series= Estudios sobre Lenguas Americanas, no. 1|editor1=Carolyn MacKay |editor2=Verónica Vázquez |publisher= Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Seminario de Lenguas Indígenas|location= México D.F.|pages= 3–86 |isbn= 968-36-4055-9 |oclc= 34716589 |language=es}
* {cite conference |author1=Flores Farfán |author2=José Antonio |year= 2002|title= The Use of Multimedia and the Arts in Language Revitalization, Maintenance, and Development: The Case of the Balsas Nahuas of Guerrero, Mexico |url= http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/ILAC/ILAC_24.pdf |format= [[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |conference= Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Stabilizing Indigenous Languages (7th, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May 11–14, 2000) |book-title= Indigenous Languages across the Community |editor1=Barbara Jane Burnaby |editor2=John Allan Reyhner |location= Flagstaff, AZ |publisher= Center for Excellence in Education, Northern Arizona University |pages= 225–236 |isbn= 0-9670554-2-3 |oclc= 95062129}
* {cite book |author= Rincón, Antonio del |year= 1885 |orig-date= 1595 |title= Arte mexicana compuesta por el padre Antonio Del Rincón de la compañia de Jesus: Dirigido al illustrissimo y reverendissimo s. Don Diego Romano obispo de Tlaxcallan, y del consejo de su magestad, &c. En Mexico en casa de Pedro, Balli. 1595 |url= http://storage.lib.uchicago.edu/pres/2005/pres2005-033.pdf |edition= Reprinted 1885 under the care of Dr. Antonio Peñafiel |format= [[Portable Document Format|PDF]] facsimile, University of Chicago Library digital collections|location= México D.F. |publisher= Oficina tip. de la Secretaría de fomento |oclc= 162761360 |language=es}
* {cite book |author= Voegelin, Charles F.|author2= Florence M. Voegelin |author3=Kenneth L. Hale |year= 1962 |title= Typological and Comparative Grammar of Uto-Aztecan I: Phonology |format= Supplement to International Journal of American linguistics, vol. 28, no. 1 |series= Indiana University publications in anthropology and linguistics, Memoir 17 |location= Baltimore MD |publisher= Waverly Press |oclc= 55576894}
{refend}
- Dakin, Karen (१९९४), "El náhuatl en el yutoazteca sureño: algunas isoglosas gramaticales y fonológicas", in Carolyn MacKay; Verónica Vázquez, Investigaciones lingüísticas en Mesoamérica, Estudios sobre Lenguas Americanas, no. 1 (स्पेनीमा), México D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Seminario de Lenguas Indígenas, पृ: 3–86, आइएसबिएन 968-36-4055-9, ओसिएलसी 34716589।
- Flores Farfán; José Antonio (2002). "The Use of Multimedia and the Arts in Language Revitalization, Maintenance, and Development: The Case of the Balsas Nahuas of Guerrero, Mexico" (PDF). Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Stabilizing Indigenous Languages (7th, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May 11–14, 2000). Flagstaff, AZ: Center for Excellence in Education, Northern Arizona University. pp. 225–236. . . http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jar/ILAC/ILAC_24.pdf.
- Rincón, Antonio del (१८८५), Arte mexicana compuesta por el padre Antonio Del Rincón de la compañia de Jesus: Dirigido al illustrissimo y reverendissimo s. Don Diego Romano obispo de Tlaxcallan, y del consejo de su magestad, &c. En Mexico en casa de Pedro, Balli. 1595 (PDF facsimile, University of Chicago Library digital collections) (स्पेनीमा) (Reprinted 1885 under the care of Dr. Antonio Peñafiel संस्करण), México D.F.: Oficina tip. de la Secretaría de fomento, ओसिएलसी 162761360।
|orig-date=प्यारामिटर ग्रहण गरेन (सहायता) - Voegelin, Charles F.; Florence M. Voegelin; Kenneth L. Hale (१९६२), Typological and Comparative Grammar of Uto-Aztecan I: Phonology (Supplement to International Journal of American linguistics, vol. 28, no. 1), Indiana University publications in anthropology and linguistics, Memoir 17, Baltimore MD: Waverly Press, ओसिएलसी 55576894।
Notes
- ↑ Previously they were also used with inline parenthetical referencing.
- ↑ To place general content in columns, use Template:Div col.
- ↑ The template previously supported defining the quantity of columns rather than the maximum width of columns. For example,
{refbegin|2}would have displayed the list in two columns. In 2023, this was deprecated. The template will treat an integer value greater than 1 in the first parameter as30em, so{refbegin|2},{refbegin|4}, and{refbegin|30em}all render the same as of October 2023. This is a fallback and may be removed in the future.
Template data
ढाँचा:Refbegin/TemplateData