ଛାଞ୍ଚ:Harvard citation text
Template harvtxt creates a short author–date citation with a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page.
The harvard citation templates create an author-date citation with a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page.
Templates that create Harvard citations in text:
{Harvard citation}or{harv}for a basic Harvard citation{Harvard citation no brackets}or{harvnb}for a Harvard citation with no brackets{Harvard citation text}or{harvtxt}for a Harvard citation with the name outside the brackets{Harvcol}for a harvard citation with a colon before page numbers{Harvcolnb}ditto, without brackets{Harvcoltxt}ditto, with the name outside the brackets{Harvard citations}or{harvs}for multiple Harvard citations and other more complicated features.
Template that create a Harvard citation in a footnote:
{Sfn}(shortened footnote template)
All of these templates have the same parameters and basic functionality. This page describes the first six in detail; for the others see their documentation pages. Editors editing one of these templates are requested to make parallel changes to the other versions.
Usage
In the body of the article:
- {harv or sfn or harvnb, etc | last name(s) of author(s) | year | p=page number, or pp=page range or loc=other location }
In the references section (or in an earlier footnote):
- {cite book or cite journal, etc | ref=harv | ... other appropriate parameters ... }
- Parameters
Up to four authors can be given as parameters. (If there are more than 4 authors only the first 4 should be listed. See #Large numbers of authors, below.) The last parameter is the year of publication.
(All these examples have links which operate. Click on highlighted text "(Smith 2006, p. 25)").
| Markup | Result |
|---|---|
| {harv|Smith|2005|p=25} | (Smith 2005, p. 25) |
| {harv|Smith|Jones|2005| p=25} | (Smith & Jones 2005, p. 25) |
| {harv|Smith|Jones|Brown|2005| p=25} | (Smith, Jones & Brown 2005, p. 25) |
| {harv|Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|2005| p=25} | (Smith et al. 2005, p. 25) |
The optional parameters |p=, |pp= and |loc= can be used to indicate the location in the source. All of the harvard citation templates use the same parameters to indicate page numbers or other locations in the text.
| Markup | Result |
|---|---|
| {harv|Smith|2005} | (Smith 2005) |
| {harv|Smith|2005|p=25} | (Smith 2005, p. 25) |
| {harv|Smith|2005|pp=25–26} | (Smith 2005, pp. 25–26) |
| {harv|Smith|2005|loc=chpt. 3} | (Smith 2005, chpt 3) |
| {harv|Smith|2005|loc=§7} | (Smith 2005, §7) |
The parameter |Ref= is used to specify the reference value that links the short citation to the full citation. This parameter is optional and is usually not necessary. If you specify |Ref=none no hyperlink is created. (See the examples. Not available in {sfn}.)
- Reference section
The links in the harvard citation templates can find anchors in most of Wikipedia's citation templates, such as {Citation}, {Cite book}, {Cite journal} or {Cite web} (or any of several others). To make the anchor, parameter |ref=harv must be set. This is not necessary for {citation}, but is normally necessary for the others.
| Markup | Result |
|---|---|
==References==
* {citation
| title = Smith's paper
|... }
* {cite web
| title = Smith & Jones website
| ...
| ref = harv }
* {cite news
| title = Article by Smith, Jones and Brown
| ...
| ref = harv }
* {cite journal
| title= Smith, Jones, Brown and Black's Paper
| ...
| ref = harv }
|
|
Applications
Harvard citation: {harv}
Template {harv} creates a parenthetical reference with a link to the full citation in the references section at the bottom of the article.
| Markup | Result |
|---|---|
Article text {harv|Smith|2006|p=25}.
== References ==
* {cite book
| ref = harv
| last = Smith | first = John
| title = Smith's book
| year = 2006
}
|
Article text (Smith 2006, p. 25). |
Template {harvnb} inside a <ref> span can be used to create an author-date citation in footnote that is linked to the full citation at the bottom of the article. Template {sfn} has the same effect and it also combines identical footnotes automatically.
| Markup | Result |
|---|---|
Article text.{sfn|Smith|2007|p=25}
More article text.{sfn|Smith|2007|p=25}
Still more article text.{sfn|Smith|2007|p=26}
== Notes ==
{reflist}
== References ==
* {cite book
| ref = harv
| last = Smith | first = John
| year = 2007
| title = Smith's Book
}
|
Article text.[୧] More article text.[୧] Still more article text.[୨]
|
Article text.<ref name=Smith2008p25>
{harvnb|Smith|2008|p=25}.</ref>
More article text.<ref name=Smith2008p25/>
Still more article text.<ref>
{harvnb|Smith|2008|p=26}.</ref>
== Notes ==
{reflist}
== References ==
* {cite book
| ref = harv
| last = Smith | first = John
| year = 2008
| title = Smith's Book
}
|
Article text.[୧] More article text.[୧] Still more article text.[୨]
|
In text attribution: {harvtxt}
Template {harvtxt} can be used to link an in-text attribution to the full citation at the bottom of the page.
| Markup | Result |
|---|---|
According to {harvtxt|Smith|2009|p=25} ...
== References ==
* {citation
| last = Smith | first = John
| year = 2009
| title = Smith's Book
}
|
According to Smith (2009, p. 25) ...
|
Bundled citation: {harvnb}
Template {harvnb} can be used to bundle citations.
| Markup | Result |
|---|---|
| Article text ({harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25}; {harvnb|Jones|2010}). | Article text (Smith 2010, p. 25; |
Article text.<ref>{harvnb|Smith|2010|p=25};
{harvnb|Jones|2010}</ref>
==Notes==
{reflist}
==References==
* {cite book | last = Smith ... Smith's book }
* {cite book | last = Jones ... Jones' book }
|
Article text.[୧]
|
Note that {sfn} is inappropriate for bundled citations; use {harvnb}.
More exotic harvard citations {harvid} or {harvs}
More exotic Harvard citations can be constructed using the {harvs} template, such as multiple papers by the same author, using both the first and last names, links to articles about the author, and others. Any kind of unusual link can also be constructed using the idiom [[#{harvid|parameters}|link name]].
| Markup | Result |
|---|---|
| The theory was developed by {harvs|txt|first=F.J.|last=Murray|author1-link=F. J. Murray|first2=J.|last2=von Neumann|author2-link=John von Neumann|year=1936|year2=1937|year3=1943}. | The theory was developed by F. J. Murray and J. von Neumann (1936, 1937, 1943) |
| The theory was developed by [[F. J. Murray]] and J. von Neumann ([[#{harvid|Murray|von Neumann|1936}|1936]],[[#{harvid|Murray|von Neumann|1937}|1937]],[[#{harvid|Murray|von Neumann|1943}|1943]]). | The theory was developed by F. J. Murray and J. von Neumann (1936, 1937, 1943). |
Some articles use this idiom [[#CITEREFid | link name ]]. See notes on implementation details below.
Variations
Using colon format: {harvcol}, {harvcolnb}, {harvcoltxt}
Templates {harvcol}, {harvcolnb}, {harvcoltxt} use a colon to indicate the page number(s) or location.
| Markup | Result |
|---|---|
| {harvcol|Smith|2011|p=25} | (Smith 2011:25) |
| {harvcolnb|Smith|2011|p=25} | Smith 2011:25 |
| {harvcoltxt|Smith|2011|p=25} | Smith (2011:25) |
| {harvcol|Smith|2011|p=25–26} | (Smith 2011:25–26) |
| {harvcol|Smith|2011|loc=chpt. 3} | (Smith 2011:chpt. 3) |
Adding a URL for the page or location
If a specific link to the page or section is available, a URL can be added to the location or page number.
| Markup | Result |
|---|---|
| {harv|Smith|2011|loc=[http://en.wikipedia.org chpt 3]} | (Smith 2011, chpt 3) |
| {harv|Smith|2011|loc=[http://en.wikipedia.org §7]} | (Smith 2011, §7) |
Article text.{sfn|Smith|2011|p=[http://en.wikipedia.org 3]}
== Notes ==
{reflist}
== References ==
* {cite book | last = Smith | year = 2011 | title = Smith's
other book }
|
Article text.[୧]
|
Possible issues
Wikilink to citation does not work
If nothing happens when you click on the highlighted wikilink from a harvard style citation to a full citation at the bottom of the page, there are several possible solutions. If:
- The correct citation does not appear at the bottom of the article. Solution: Find the source (it may be copied from an article on a similar subject), and check that it verifies the text. If the source can't be found, tag the citation with
{citation not found}. - The correct citation appears at the bottom of the article, and
- The harvard citation uses a template (such as
{sfn}or{harv}):- The citation uses a template from the list at
{cite *}:- The name is spelled differently here than the citation. Solution: check the source for the correct spelling.
- The year is different here than the citation. Solution: check the source for the correct year.
- The citation template requires
|ref=harv(not needed for{citation}, but is needed for most other{cite *}templates). Solution: Add|ref=harv. - The date parameter in the citation template has only a year (as in
|date=2010).[note ୧] Solution: use the year parameter instead (as in|year=2010). - The template has a
|date=field and no|year=field, but the format of the|date=field is unusual. Solution: Try to fix the date. If the link still does not work, add|year=to the citation template. (It's okay if it has both.) - The citation does not have an author's last name. Solution: check that
|ref=is set correctly (see below).{harvid|args}
- The citation uses {vcite *} template. Solution: check that
|harvid=is set correctly (see below). - The citation uses
{cite map}or{cite thesis}. Solution: check that|ref=is set correctly (see below).{harvid|args} - The citation uses a template that does not support
|ref=(See User:Gadget850/Citation templates— anchors). Solution: An anchor can be created using {wikicite|id={harvid|args}|reference={citation}. - The citation does not use a template:
- It has no wikicode to create an anchor. Solution: If
{cite *}citation templates are used liberally throughout the article, then reformat the citation with the appropriate{cite *}template and set the|ref=appropriately. Otherwise consult with local editors on the talk page about how to proceed. Either add{cite *}templates and{harv}templates, or remove all templates, depending on what local editors prefer. A few articles use{wikicite}to create an anchor as an alternative to standard templates. - Uses a
<cite>span to create an anchor. Solution: remove the cite span (these are deprecated) and proceed as with the previous. - Uses
{wikicite}. Solution: Check that|id=matches.{harvid|args}
- It has no wikicode to create an anchor. Solution: If
- The citation uses a template from the list at
- If the harvard citation uses a handwritten wikilink, such as [[#Reference-Smith2006|Smith (2006)]]
- The citation uses a citation template which supports
|ref=(See User:Gadget850/Citation templates— anchors). Solution: Check that|ref=is set to a matching id. - Otherwise, check that the reference has {wikicite|ref=id|reference=citation} with a matching id.
- The citation uses a citation template which supports
- The harvard citation uses a template (such as
Templates that have broken wikilinks using these templates are added to the category Category:All articles with broken links to citations.
More than one work in a year
For authors who have published more than one work in the same year, the standard way to differentiate such works is to put a lowercase letter after the year (e.g. place |year=2006a and |year=2006b in the citation templates and use {sfn|Smith|2006a} and {sfn|Smith|2006b}in the article body).
| Markup | Result |
|---|---|
Article text.{sfn |Smith|1993a| p=25}
More text.{sfn |Smith|1993b| p=32}
== Notes ==
{reflist}
== References ==
* {cite journal
| last = Smith | first = Karen
| year = 1993a
| title = Smith's first paper
| journal= Important Journal
| ref = harv
}
* {cite journal
| last = Smith | first = Karen
| year = 1993b
| title = Smith's second paper
| journal= Another Important Journal
| ref = harv
}
|
Article text.[୧]
More text.[୨]
|
Large numbers of authors
Only the first four authors are required by the template. Listing more is not supported. It also possible to use the
|ref={harvid} in the citation template, which allows a more concise citation in the article text.
| Markup | Result |
|---|---|
Article text
{harv |Smith|Jones|Brown|Black|1994| p=25}.
== References ==
* {cite journal
| last = Smith
| last2 = Jones
| last3 = Brown
| last4 = Black
| last5 = Davis
| last6 = Martinez
| last7 = Hsu
| year= 1994
| title= Scientific paper written by
dozens of scientists
| journal = Important Journal
| ref = harv
}
|
Article text (Smith et al. 1994, p. 25).
|
Article text {harv |Smith et al.|1995| p=25}.
== References ==
* {cite journal
| last = Smith
| last2 = Jones
| last3 = Brown
| last4 = Black
| last5 = Davis
| last6 = Martinez
| last7 = Hsu
| year= 1995
| title= Another paper by even more scientists
| journal = Important Journal
| ref = {harvid|Smith et al.|1995}
}
|
Article text (Smith et al. 1995, p. 25).
|
No author name in citation template
Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author-date citations to works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are:
- For a newspaper or periodical you may use the name of the paper and the date.
- For a publication by an institution, use either:
- The initials of the institution
- The name of the institution
- Alternatively, some style guides recommend using the title of the article.
- Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon."
An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Using |ref= in the citation template can handle these cases.
{harvid}
| Markup | Result |
|---|---|
Article text.{sfn |BGI|1996|p=429}
== Notes ==
{reflist}
== References ==
* {cite book
| title = Important Book
| year = 1996
| publisher = Big Government Institution
| ref = {harvid|BGI|1996}
}
|
Article text.[୧]
|
Article text.{sfn |Popular Magazine|1996|p=29}
== Notes ==
{reflist}
== References ==
* {cite magazine
| magazine = Popular Magazine
| title = An Article by an Anonymous Author
| year = 1996
| ref = {harvid|Popular Magazine|1996}
}
|
Article text.[୧]
|
Citation has |date= and no |year=
Either the |year= or |date= of a citation template can be matched – the template logic can extract the year of from a full date. If the date parameter is not a full date, then then the extraction will fail. If the link does not seem to work, it also possible to set both |date= and |year= parameters. The template will display the date and use the year for the anchor. If only the year is known the |year= field must be used in the citation for the link to work correctly (i.e. |date=2005 may not work correctly). These two examples show a year being successfully extracted from full date.
| Markup | Result |
|---|---|
Article text.{sfn|Smith|1997|p=101}
== Notes ==
{reflist}
== References ==
* {cite journal
| last = Smith | first = Karen
| date = 11 May 1997
| title = Smith's 1997 paper
| journal= Important Journal
| ref = harv
}
|
Article text.[୧]
|
Article text.{sfn|Smith|1998|p=101}
== Notes ==
{reflist}
== References ==
* {cite journal
| last = Smith | first = Karen
| date = May 1998
| title = Smith's 1998 paper
| journal= Important Journal
| ref = harv
}
|
Article text.[୧]
|
Citation template does not support |ref=harv
The {vcite *} family of templates use parameter |ref=harvid to create an anchor for the harvard citation templates. This must be set to a concatenation of the parameters passed to the harvard citation template. The templates {cite map} and {cite thesis} require |ref= to provide an anchor for the harvard citation templates.
{harvid}
| Markup | Result |
|---|---|
Article text.{sfn|Smith|1999|p=101}
== Notes ==
{reflist}
== References ==
* {vcite book
| last = Smith | first = Karen
| year = 1999
| title = Smith's 1999 Book
| harvid = Smith1999
}
|
Article text.[୧]
|
Article text.{sfn|Smith|2000|p=101}
== Notes ==
{reflist}
== References ==
* {cite thesis
| last = Smith | first = Karen
| date = May 2000
| title = Smith's Thesis
| ref = {harvid|Smith|2000}
}
|
Article text.[୧]
|
Citation format does not support anchors: {wikicite}
In a few very rare cases, it may be impossible for the citation templates to create an anchor. Either (1) the citation is formatted with a template that does not support the |ref= parameter (such as {cite report}) or (2) the source can't be described using our citation templates at all. In these cases, it is possible to use {wikicite} to make the anchor. (As of November 2010, there are only approximately 100 articles that require this technique.) It is also possible that (3) local editors would prefer not to use citation templates. In this case, it is important to discuss what the local editors would like to do about the bad links. It is always possible to simply remove {harv} or {sfn}.
| Markup | Result |
|---|---|
Article text.{sfn |Big Government Agency|1999}
== Notes ==
{reflist}
== References ==
* {wikicite
| reference = {cite report
| title=Important Government Report
| publisher=Big Government Agency
| year=1999
}
| ref = {harvid|Big Government Agency|1999}
}
|
Article text.[୧]
|
Article text.{sfn |A particularly unusual citation}
== Notes ==
{reflist}
== References ==
* {wikicite
| reference = A source that can't be described
using our citation templates at all.
| ref = {harvid|A particularly unusual citation}
}
|
Article text.[୧]
|
It is also possible to use a <cite> to achieve the same effect, but this may not be compatible with HTML 5.
Recommended style
The recommended Harvard referencing style potentially uses all four templates. Each automatically generates a hypertext link based on the name(s) and date. Here is an example
- Markup
- Some works on gravitation are so massive they warp spacetime themselves {Harv|Misner|Thorne|Wheeler|1973}; yet {Harvtxt|Einstein|1915} presented essential equations with notable brevity. The essential ingredients are the curvature tensor and the stress-energy tensor ({Harvnb|Einstein|1915|loc=p. 844}; {Harvnb|Misner|Thorne|Wheeler|1973|loc=p. 41}).
- Result
- Some works on gravitation are so massive they warp spacetime themselves (Misner, Thorne & Wheeler 1973); yet Einstein (1915) presented essential equations with notable brevity. The two ingredients are the curvature tensor and the stress-energy tensor (Einstein 1915, p. 844; Misner, Thorne & Wheeler 1973, p. 41).
-
- Misner, Charles W.; Thorne, Kip S.; Wheeler, John Archibald (1973), Gravitation, San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, ISBN 0-7167-0344-0
{citation}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - Einstein, Albert (1915), "Die Feldgleichungen der Gravitation (The Field Equations of Gravitation)", Königlich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften: 844–847
- Misner, Charles W.; Thorne, Kip S.; Wheeler, John Archibald (1973), Gravitation, San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, ISBN 0-7167-0344-0
-
In short:
- For a single work with no author in the text (the most common case), use
{Harv}. - For a single work with the author named in the text, use
{Harvtxt}. - For multiple works at the same point, use explicit parentheses and
{Harvnb}separated by semicolons. - For anything more complicated use
{Harvs}.
Implementation notes
These templates use two elements: a wikilink in the body of the article, and an anchor in the reference section of the article. Clicking on the wikilink repositions the page at the anchor.
Citation template anchor
The most common citation templates use {citation/core} to format the citation, including {cite book}, {cite journal}, {cite news}, {cite web} and {citation}. If |ref=harv is set, then {Citation/core} creates an anchor <a name="CITEREF"></a> followed by the concatenation of the following parameters:
- last or last1 or surname or surname1 or author or author1 or authors,
- last2 or surname2 or author2,
- last3 or surname3 or author3,
- last4 or surname4 or author4,
- editor-last or editor-surname or editor1-last or editor1-surname or editor or editors,
- editor2-last or editor2-surname,
- editor3-last or editor3-surname,
- editor4-last or editor4-surname,
- year.
Template {Citation} sets |ref=harv as the default.
This covers the most common templates. Information about all the templates is available at User:Gadget850/Citation templates— anchors.
Please note that the above list does not include the coauthor parameter, which is ignored in generating the citation's CITEREF anchor. It is recommended that, when used with the harv family templates, citation templates always use the numbered last parameters instead of coauthor so that a more accurate CITEREF anchor may be generated. If coauthor is used, it will not be possible to generate a Harvard citation that displays the authors' names correctly and that generates a link to the correct CITEREF anchor.
Use of the date parameter in place of the year parameter in citation templates is preferred when full dates are known. The date parameter should not be used to simply encode a year, as this can fail to generate a viable #CITEREF link.
Harvard citation wikilink
The harvard citation templates create a wikilink to the anchor. For example {Harv|Smith|2006| p=25} produces a link #CITEREFSmith2006 and {Citation|last=Smith|first=John|date=27 January 2006|title=My Life}
produces an anchor CITEREFSmith2006.
In the harvard citation template, a space before or after the author name or before the year is significant; they produce an underscore in the hyperlink. So, "{Harvnb|Smith| 2006| p=25}" yields "Smith 2006, p. 25" which links to #CITEREFSmith_2006. This is fixed in {sfn}
Using CITEREF directly
A few articles create a custom ID using CITEREF, either in place of the harvard citation template (e.g. [[#CITEREFSmith2006|(2006)]]) or as a value for |ref= in the citation template. Note that a custom ID must follow these rules:
- Must begin with a letter A-Z or a-z
- Can be followed by: letters (A-Za-z), digits (0-9), hyphens ("-"), underscores ("_"), colons (":"), and periods (".")
- If CITEREF is used Spaces in the
|ref=field must be replaced with underscores - Case-sensitive
{sfn|cite name|year}{cite ... | ref=CITEREFcite_nameyear }
Where cite_name is a name such as the publisher.
{sfn}'s ref name
{sfn} creates a named footnote, so that identical footnotes are combined automatically. The footnote name begins with FOOTNOTE followed by a concatenation of the arguments to {sfn}. E.g.: this template call {sfn|Smith|2006|p=26} should have exactly the same functionality as <ref name=FOOTNOTESmith200626>{Harvnb|Smith|2006|p=26}</ref> which, in turn, has the same functionality as <ref name=FOOTNOTESmith200626>[[#CITEREFSmith2006|Smith (2006)]], p. 26</ref>
The call to {harvnb} has been subst'ed for quicker load times.
See also
- Wikipedia:Citing sources - The main guide on adding citations to articles
- Wikipedia:Parenthetical referencing - The guideline for using parenthetical references in wikipedia.
- Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations#Wikilinks to full references - Examples of linked parenthetical references, including alternative methods to using these templates.
- Parenthetical referencing - Wikipedia's article on parenthetical references.
- mw:Extension:HarvardReferences - MediaWiki extension that supports "Harvard" references in simple notation.
- Template:Sfnm – A template that generates multiple
{Sfn}-type citations in a single footnote.
Notes
- ↑ As noted at MediaWiki Help: A four-digit number is interpreted as hours and minutes if possible, and otherwise as year:
{#time: Y m d H:i:s | 2010 } → ୨୦୧୦ ୦୧ ୧୧ ୦୦:୦୦:୦୦ Input is treated as a time rather than a year.
{#time: Y m d H:i:s | 1960 } → ୧୯୬୦ ୦୧ ୧୧ ୦୦:୦୦:୦୦ Since 19:60 is not a valid time, 1960 is treated as a year.
{#time: Y | 2010 } → ୨୦୧୦ Input is treated as a time rather than a year.
{#time: Y | 1960 } → ୧୯୬୦ Since 19:60 is not a valid time, 1960 is treated as a year.
Creates a short author–date citation with a one-directional link to the first matching citation template on the same page.
| Parameter | Description | Type | Status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1 | no description | Unknown | optional |
| 2 | 2 | no description | Unknown | optional |
| 3 | 3 | no description | Unknown | optional |
| 4 | 4 | no description | Unknown | optional |
| 5 | 5 | no description | Unknown | optional |
| Page | p page | no description | Number | optional |
| Pages | pp pages | no description | Unknown | optional |
| loc | loc | no description | Unknown | optional |
| ref | ref | no description | Unknown | optional |
| Ref | Ref | no description | Unknown | optional |