ਫਰਮਾ:Cite book
ਫਰਮਾ:Cascade-protected template
| {Cite arXiv} | arXiv preprints |
|---|---|
| {Cite AV media} | audio and visual media |
| {Cite AV media notes} | AV media liner notes |
| {Cite bioRxiv} | bioRxiv preprints |
| {Cite book} | books and chapters |
| {Cite CiteSeerX} | CiteSeerX papers |
| {Cite conference} | conference papers |
| {Cite encyclopedia} | edited collections |
| {Cite episode} | radio or TV episodes |
| {Cite interview} | interviews |
| {Cite journal} | academic journals |
| {Cite magazine} | magazines, periodicals |
| {Cite mailing list} | public mailing lists |
| {Cite map} | maps |
| {Cite news} | news articles |
| {Cite newsgroup} | online newsgroups |
| {Cite podcast} | podcasts |
| {Cite press release} | press releases |
| {Cite report} | reports |
| {Cite serial} | audio or video serials |
| {Cite sign} | signs, plaques |
| {Cite speech} | speeches |
| {Cite ssrn} | SSRN papers |
| {Cite techreport} | technical reports |
| {Cite thesis} | theses |
| {Cite web} | web sources not covered by the above |
| See also | Specific-source templates Wrapper templates |
This Citation Style 1 template is used to create citations for books. When citing an article in a periodical, use {cite journal} or {cite magazine}. For conference papers, use {cite conference}. For edited collections, use {cite encyclopedia}. For theses, use {cite thesis}.
Usage
Copy a blank version to use. Almost all parameter names are supported only in lower case (some initialisms, such as |isbn= have upper-case aliases like |ISBN=, which are acceptable for use). Use the "|" (pipe) character between each parameter. Unused parameters may be deleted to avoid clutter in the edit window. Some samples on this documentation page may include the current date. If the date is not current, then the page.
|
{cite book
| last =
| first =
| author-link =
| date =
| title =
| url =
| location =
| publisher =
| page = <!-- or pages: -->
| isbn =
}
|
|
|
| Parameters | Prerequisites | Brief instructions / notes | Vertical list |
|---|---|---|---|
| last1 | Author's last name or single name author. Don't link. | {cite book
|last1 =
|first1 =
|author-link1 =
|last2 =
|first2 =
|author-link2 =
|last3 =
|first3 =
|author-link3 =
|last4 =
|first4 =
|author-link4 =
|last5 =
|first5 =
|author-link5 =
|display-authors =
|author-mask1 =
|author-mask2 =
|author-mask3 =
|author-mask4 =
|author-mask5 =
|editor-last1 =
|editor-first1 =
|editor-link1 =
|editor-last2 =
|editor-first2 =
|editor-link2 =
|editor-last3 =
|editor-first3 =
|editor-link3 =
|editor-last4 =
|editor-first4 =
|editor-link4 =
|editor-last5 =
|editor-first5 =
|editor-link5 =
|display-editors =
|editor-mask1 =
|editor-mask2 =
|editor-mask3 =
|editor-mask4 =
|editor-mask5 =
|translator-last1 =
|translator-first1 =
|translator-link1 =
|translator-last2 =
|translator-first2 =
|translator-link2 =
|translator-last3 =
|translator-first3 =
|translator-link3 =
|translator-last4 =
|translator-first4 =
|translator-link4 =
|translator-last5 =
|translator-first5 =
|translator-link5 =
|display-translators =
|translator-mask1 =
|translator-mask2 =
|translator-mask3 =
|translator-mask4 =
|translator-mask5 =
|others =
|name-list-style =
|date =
|year =
|orig-date =
|chapter =
|script-chapter =
|trans-chapter =
|chapter-url =
|chapter-url-access =
|chapter-format =
|title =
|script-title =
|trans-title =
|title-link =
|url =
|url-status =
|url-access =
|format =
|type =
|series =
|language =
|volume =
|edition =
|publication-place =
|location =
|publisher =
|publication-date =
|page =
|pages =
|at =
|no-pp =
|arxiv =
|asin =
|asin-tld =
|bibcode =
|bibcode-access =
|biorxiv =
|citeseerx =
|doi =
|doi-access =
|doi-broken-date =
|eissn =
|hdl =
|hdl-access =
|isbn =
|ismn =
|issn =
|jfm =
|jstor =
|jstor-access =
|lccn =
|mr =
|oclc =
|ol =
|ol-access =
|osti =
|osti-access =
|pmc =
|pmc-embargo-date =
|pmid =
|rfc =
|sbn =
|ssrn =
|s2cid =
|s2cid-access =
|zbl =
|id =
|archive-url =
|archive-date =
|access-date =
|via =
|quote =
|script-quote =
|trans-quote =
|quote-page =
|quote-pages =
|mode =
|postscript =
|ref =
}
| |
| first1 | last1 | Author's first name. Don't link. | |
| author-link1 | last1 | Title of Wikipedia article about the first author. Don't link. | |
| last2 | last1 | Like last1, but for 2nd author.
| |
| first2 | last2 | Like first1, but for 2nd author.
| |
| author-link2 | last2 | Like author-link1, but for 2nd author.
| |
| last3 | last2 | Like last1, but for 3rd author.
| |
| first3 | last3 | Like first1, but for 3rd author.
| |
| author-link3 | last3 | Like author-link1, but for 3rd author.
| |
| last4 | last3 | Like last1, but for 4th author.
| |
| first4 | last4 | Like first1, but for 4th author.
| |
| author-link4 | last4 | Like author-link1, but for 4th author.
| |
| last5 | last4 | Like last1, but for 5th author. Similar: last6, etc.
| |
| first5 | last5 | Like first1, but for 5th author. Similar: first6, etc.
| |
| author-link5 | last5 | Like author-link1, but for 5th author. Similar: author-link6, etc.
| |
| display-authors | last1 | Number (number of authors displayed) or etal (more authors)
| |
| author-mask1 | last1 | See Display options below; not for lists of cited works | |
| author-mask2 | last2 | ||
| author-mask3 | last3 | ||
| author-mask4 | last4 | ||
| author-mask5 | last5 | ||
| editor-last1 | may also use "editor-last" | ||
| editor-first1 | editor-last1 | may also use "editor-first" | |
| editor-link1 | editor-last1 | may also use "editor-link" | |
| editor-mask1 | editor-last1 | ||
| display-editors | |||
| translator-last1 | Like last1, but for translator
| ||
| translator-first1 | translator-last1 | Like first1, but for translator
| |
| translator-link1 | translator-last1 | Like author-link1, but for translator
| |
| translator-last2 | translator-last1 | Like last1, but for 2nd translator. Similar: translator-last3, etc.
| |
| translator-first2 | translator-last2 | Like first1, but for 2nd translator. Similar: translator-first3, etc.
| |
| translator-link2 | translator-last2 | Like author-link1, but for 2nd transl. Similar: translator-link3, ...
| |
| display-translators | translator-last1 | Like display-authors, but for translators
| |
| translator-mask1 | translator-last1 | See Display options below; not for lists of cited works | |
| translator-mask2 | translator-last2 | ||
| name-list-style | last2 | Set to amp or ampersand to separate the last author with " & "; set to and to separate with " and "
| |
| others | |||
| date | |||
| year | |||
| orig-date | date or year | ||
| chapter | This should be the title of the chapter cited. Do not wikilink "chapter" if "chapter-url" is provided | ||
| script-chapter | |||
| trans-chapter | chapter or script-chapter | ||
| chapter-url | chapter or script-chapter | ||
| chapter-format | chapter-url | ||
| title | |||
| script-title | |||
| trans-title | title or script-title | ||
| title-link | title or script-title | Name of a Wikipedia article about the work. Do not use if "url" is provided | |
| url | title or script-title | Do not use if "title-link" is provided | |
| url-status | archive-url | ||
| url-access | url | ||
| format | url | ||
| type | |||
| series | |||
| language | |||
| volume | |||
| edition | |||
| publication-place | publisher | ||
| location | publisher | can be used for written-at location when "publication-place" is used for publication place | |
| publisher | |||
| publication-date | |||
| page | choose one: "page", "pages", or "at" | ||
| pages | choose one: "page", "pages", or "at". Use when content on multiple pages supports the article text. | ||
| at | choose one: "page", "pages", or "at" | ||
| no-pp | page or pages | set no-pp to "yes" to suppress the "p." or "pp." before page numbers | |
| arxiv | |||
| asin | |||
| asin-tld | asin | ||
| bibcode | |||
| biorxiv | |||
| citeseerx | |||
| doi | |||
| doi-broken-date | doi | ||
| eissn | |||
| hdl | |||
| isbn | always include ISBN, if one has been assigned | ||
| issn | |||
| ismn | |||
| jfm | |||
| jstor | |||
| lccn | |||
| mr | |||
| oclc | |||
| ol | |||
| osti | |||
| pmc | |||
| pmc-embargo-date | pmc | ||
| pmid | |||
| rfc | |||
| sbn | |||
| ssrn | |||
| s2cid | |||
| zbl | |||
| id | |||
| archive-url | archive-date, url | ||
| archive-date | archive-url | ||
| access-date | url | ||
| via | |||
| quote | |||
| script-quote | |||
| trans-quote | |||
| quote-page | choose one: "quote-page", "quote-pages" | ||
| quote-pages | choose one: "quote-page", "quote-pages". Use when quote contains contents from multiple pages. | ||
| mode | cs1 or cs2
| ||
| postscript | |||
| ref | |||
| If a field name is listed in the Prerequisites column, it is a prerequisite for the field to the left. | |||
Examples
Title
{cite book |title=Mysterious Book}- Mysterious Book.
Title and year
{cite book |title=Mysterious Book |date=1901}- Mysterious Book. 1901.
Basic usage (single author)
{cite book |last=Bloggs |first=Joe |author-link=Joe Bloggs |date=1974 |title=Book of Bloggs}- Bloggs, Joe (1974). Book of Bloggs.
Basic usage (two authors)
{cite book |last1=Bloggs |first1=Joe |author-link1=Joe Bloggs |last2=Bloggs |first2=Fred |author-link2=Fred Bloggs |date=1974 |title=Book of Bloggs}- Bloggs, Joe; Bloggs, Fred (1974). Book of Bloggs.
Basic usage with url (and access-date) and edition
{cite book |last=Bloggs |first=Joe |author-link=Joe Bloggs |date=1974 |title=Book of Bloggs |edition=1st |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/ |access-date=February 17, 2006}- Bloggs, Joe (1974). Book of Bloggs (1st ed.). Retrieved February 17, 2006.
Citing a chapter in a book with different authors for different chapters and an editor
{cite book |last=Bloggs |first=Fred |date=January 1, 2001 |editor-last=Doe |editor-first=John |title=Big Compilation Book with Many Chapters and Distinct Chapter Authors |publisher=Book Publishers |pages=100–110 |chapter=Chapter 2: The History of the Bloggs Family |isbn=}- Bloggs, Fred (January 1, 2001). "Chapter 2: The History of the Bloggs Family". In Doe, John (ed.). Big Compilation Book with Many Chapters and Distinct Chapter Authors. Book Publishers. pp. 100–110.
Citing a chapter in a book with two joint authors and an editor
{cite book |last1=Bloggs |first1=Joe |last2=Egg |first2=Fred |date=January 1, 2001 |editor-last=Doe |editor-first=John |title=Big Book with Many Chapters and Two Co-authors |publisher=Book Publishers |orig-date=1st pub. 1986 |pages=100–110 |chapter=Chapter 6: Getting There |chapter-url=https://en.wikipedia.org/ |isbn= |name-list-style=amp}- Bloggs, Joe & Egg, Fred (January 1, 2001) [1st pub. 1986]. "Chapter 6: Getting There". In Doe, John (ed.). Big Book with Many Chapters and Two Co-authors. Book Publishers. pp. 100–110.
Three authors, title with a differently-named title link, edition
{cite book |last1=Bloggs |first1=Joe |author-link1=Joe Bloggs |last2=Smith |first2=John |last3=Smythe |first3=Jim |title=1000 Acres |title-link=A Thousand Acres |edition=2nd}- Bloggs, Joe; Smith, John; Smythe, Jim. 1000 Acres (2nd ed.).
Complex usage showing effect of using volume parameter and lastauthoramp parameter (without volume and lastauthoramp)
{cite book |last1=Playfair |first1=I. S. O. |author-link1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |last2=Stitt |first2=G. M. S. |last3=Molony |first3=C. J. C. |last4=Toomer |first4=S. E. |date=2007 |orig-date=1st pub. [[HMSO]]:1954 |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=Mediterranean and Middle East. Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941) |publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield, East Sussex |isbn=1-845740-65-3}- Playfair, I. S. O.; Stitt, G. M. S.; Molony, C. J. C.; Toomer, S. E. (2007) [1st pub. HMSO:1954]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). Mediterranean and Middle East. Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-845740-65-3.
Complex usage showing effect of using volume parameter and lastauthoramp parameter (with volume and lastauthoramp)
{cite book |last1=Playfair |first1=I. S. O. |author-link1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |last2=Stitt |first2=G. M. S. |last3=Molony |first3=C. J. C. |last4=Toomer |first4=S. E. |date=2007 |orig-date=1st pub. [[HMSO]]:1954 |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=Mediterranean and Middle East |volume=I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941) |publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield, East Sussex |isbn=1-845740-65-3 |name-list-style=amp}- Playfair, I. S. O.; Stitt, G. M. S.; Molony, C. J. C. & Toomer, S. E. (2007) [1st pub. HMSO:1954]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). Mediterranean and Middle East. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941). Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-845740-65-3.
Date without day, wikilinked title, publisher, pages, edition, location
{cite book |last1=Cordell |first1=Bruce R. |last2=Grubb |first2=Jeff |last3=Noonan |first3=David |date=September 2001 |title=Manual of the Planes |title-link=Manual of the Planes |edition=3rd |publisher=Wizards of the Coast |location=Renton, Washington |isbn=0-7869-1850-0 |pages=134–137}- Cordell, Bruce R.; Grubb, Jeff; Noonan, David (September 2001). Manual of the Planes (3rd ed.). Renton, Washington: Wizards of the Coast. pp. 134–137. ISBN 0-7869-1850-0.
Other language
{cite book |last=Bloggs |first=Jean |date=1974 |title=Livre de Bloggs |edition=1st |language=French |trans-title=Book of Bloggs |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/ |access-date=February 17, 2006}- Bloggs, Jean (1974). Livre de Bloggs [Book of Bloggs] (in French) (1st ed.). Retrieved February 17, 2006.
{cite book}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- Bloggs, Jean (1974). Livre de Bloggs [Book of Bloggs] (in French) (1st ed.). Retrieved February 17, 2006.
Using a DOI
{cite book |last=Mumford |first=David |author-link=David Mumford |date=1999 |title=The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes: Includes the Michigan Lectures (1974) on Curves and Their Jacobians |edition=2nd |publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/b62130 |isbn=354063293X}- Mumford, David (1999). The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes: Includes the Michigan Lectures (1974) on Curves and Their Jacobians (2nd ed.). Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/b62130. ISBN 354063293X.
Using author-mask parameter
{cite book |last1=Playfair |first1=I. S. O. |author-link1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |last2=Stitt |first2=G. M. S. |last3=Molony |first3=C. J. C. |last4=Toomer |first4=S. E. |date=2004 |orig-date=1st pub. [[HMSO]]:1954 |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=Mediterranean and Middle East Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941) |publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield, East Sussex |isbn=1-845740-65-3 |name-list-style=amp}- Playfair, I. S. O.; Stitt, G. M. S.; Molony, C. J. C. & Toomer, S. E. (2004) [1st pub. HMSO:1954]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). Mediterranean and Middle East Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-845740-65-3.
{cite book |last1=Playfair |first1=I. S. O. |author-link1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |last2=Flynn |first2=F. C. |last3=Molony |first3=C. J. C. |last4=Toomer |first4=S. E. |date=2004 |orig-date=1st pub. [[HMSO]]:1954 |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume II: The Germans Come to the Help of Their Ally (1941) |publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield, East Sussex |isbn=1-845740-66-1 |name-list-style=amp |author-mask=2}- ——; Flynn, F. C.; Molony, C. J. C. & Toomer, S. E. (2004) [1st pub. HMSO:1954]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume II: The Germans Come to the Help of Their Ally (1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-845740-66-1.
{cite book |last1=Playfair |first1=I. S. O. |author-link1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |last2=Flynn |first2=F. C. |last3=Molony |first3=C. J. C. |last4=Gleave |first4=T. P. |date=2004 |orig-date=1st pub. [[HMSO]]:1954 |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=Sir James |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume III: British Fortunes Reach Their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942) |publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield, East Sussex |isbn=1-845740-67-X |name-list-style=amp |author-mask=2}- ——; Flynn, F. C.; Molony, C. J. C. & Gleave, T. P. (2004) [1st pub. HMSO:1954]. Butler, Sir James (ed.). The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume III: British Fortunes Reach Their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-845740-67-X.
Using display-authors parameter
{cite book |last1=Playfair |first1=I. S. O. |author-link1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |last2=Stitt |first2=G. M. S. |last3=Molony |first3=C. J. C. |last4=Toomer |first4=S. E. |date=2004 |orig-date=1st pub. [[HMSO]]:1954 |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |editor-link=James Ramsay Montagu Butler |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=Mediterranean and Middle East Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941) |publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield, East Sussex |isbn=1-845740-65-3 |display-authors=1}- Playfair, I. S. O.; et al. (2004) [1st pub. HMSO:1954]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). Mediterranean and Middle East Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, East Sussex: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-845740-65-3.
Parameters
Syntax
Nested parameters rely on their parent parameters:
- parent
- OR: parent2—may be used instead of parent
- child—may be used with parent (and is ignored if parent is not used)
- OR: child2—may be used instead of child (and is ignored if parent2 is not used)
- Where aliases are listed, only one of the parameters may be defined; if multiple aliased parameters are defined, then only one will show.
COinS
This template embeds COinS metadata in the HTML output, allowing reference management software to retrieve bibliographic metadata. Error: no text specified (help). As a general rule, only one data item per parameter. Do not include explanatory or alternate text:
- use
|date=27 September 2007not|date=27 September 2007 (print version 25 September)
Use of templates within the citation template is discouraged because many of these templates will add extraneous HTML or CSS that will be included raw in the metadata. Also, HTML entities, for example , –, etc., should not be used in parameters that contribute to the metadata.
COinS metadata is created for these parameters
Note: This table of metadata is displayed in the documentation of all Citation Style 1 templates. Not all of these parameters are supported by every CS1 template. Some of these parameters are mutually exclusive, some are aliases of another parameter, and some require other parameters to be present. A full list of this template's supported parameters, their aliases, and their dependencies is shown in the Usage section near the top of this documentation page.
|periodical=,|journal=,|newspaper=,|magazine=,|work=,|website=,|encyclopedia=,|encyclopaedia=,|dictionary=|chapter=,|script-chapter=,|contribution=,|script-contribution=,|entry=,|script-entry=,|article=,|script-article=,|section=,|script-section=|title=,|script-title=,|book-title=|publication-place=,|place=,|location=|date=,|year=,|publication-date=|series=,|version=|volume=,|issue=,|number=|page=,|pages=,|at=,|quote-page=,|quote-pages=|edition=|publisher=,|institution=|url=,|chapter-url=,|contribution-url=,|section-url=|author-last=,|author-last#=,|author#-last=,|author-surname=,|author-surname#=,|author#-surname=,|last=,|last#=,|surname=,|surname#=,|author=,|author#=,|subject=,|subject#=,|host=,|host#=|author-first=,|author-first#=,|author#-first=,|author-given=,|author-given#=,|author#-given=,|first=,|first#=,|given=,|given#=|degree=|arxiv=,|bibcode=,|biorxiv=,|citeseerx=,|doi=,|eissn=,|eprint=,|hdl=,|isbn=,|issn=,|jfm=,|jstor=,|lccn=,|message-id=,|mr=,|oclc=,|osti=,|pmc=,|pmid=,|rfc=,|ssrn=,|s2cid=,|zbl=
What's new
| Parameter | Description | Date |
|---|---|---|
|author-given=
|
added aliases (including enumerated forms) for |author-first=
|
October 2020 |
|author-surname=
|
added aliases (including enumerated forms) for |author-last=
|
October 2020 |
|display-subjects=
|
added alias for |display-authors= for usage with |subject=
|
October 2020 |
|interviewer-given=
|
added aliases (including enumerated forms) for |interviewer-first=
|
October 2020 |
|interviewer-surname=
|
added aliases (including enumerated forms) for |interviewer-last=
|
October 2020 |
|orig-date=
|
added canonical form for alias |orig-year=
|
October 2020 |
|quote-page=
|
added single page specifier for |quote=
|
October 2020 |
|quote-pages=
|
added multiple pages specifier for |quote=
|
October 2020 |
|sbn=
|
added identifier parameter for Standard Book Numbers | April 2020 |
|script-quote=
|
added non-Latin script text facility for |quote=
|
October 2020 |
|subject-mask=
|
added aliases (including enumerated forms) to |author-mask= for usage with |subject=
|
October 2020 |
|s2cid=
|
added identifier parameter for Semantic Scholar corpus ID | April 2020 |
|s2cid-access=
|
added access-icon parameter for |s2cid=
|
April 2020 |
|title-link=
|
added special tokens none/doi/pmc to override/disable auto-linking ({cite journal} only)
|
October 2020 |
|trans-quote=
|
added translated text facility for |quote=
|
October 2020 |
| accept-this-as-written-markup | added for |doi=, |eissn=, |isbn=, |issn=, |sbn=
|
October 2020 |
Deprecated
Description
Authors
- last: Surname of a single author. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. For corporate authors or authors for whom only one name is listed by the source, use last or one of its aliases (e.g.
|author=Bono). Aliases: surname, author, last1, surname1, author1.- author: this parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single author (first and last) or to hold the name of a corporate author. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one author.
- first: Given or first names of author; for example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Firstname M. Sr. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. Aliases: given, first1, given1. Requires last; first name will not display if last is empty. Use generational and regnal suffixes only in accordance with and use honorifics only in accordance with .
- OR: for multiple authors, use last1, first1 through lastn, firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of authors (each firstn requires a corresponding lastn, but not the other way around). Error: no text specified (help). Aliases: surname1, given1 through surnamen, givenn, or author1 through authorn. For an individual author plus an institutional author, you can use
|first1=...|last1=...|author2=.... - author-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author—not the author's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: author-link1, author1-link, authorlink.
- OR: for multiple authors, use author-link1 through author-linkn. Aliases: author1-link through authorn-link.
- name-list-style: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to
amp,ampersand, or&, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set toand, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set tovancdisplays name lists in Vancouver style when the lists use thelast/firstforms of name parameters.
- vauthors: comma-separated list of author names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional author names in doubled parentheses. End with etal if appropriate:
|vauthors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal
- author-link and author-mask may be used for the individual names in
|vauthors=as described above
- authors: Free-form list of author names; use of this parameter is discouraged because it does not contribute to a citation's metadata; not an alias of last.
- contributor-last: (book cites only) surname of the author of contribution (which is required). Aliases: contributor-surname, contributor1, contributor1-last, contributor-last1.
- contributor-first: Given or first names of contributor. Do not wikilink—use contributor-link instead. Aliases: contributor-given, contributor1-first, contributor-first1.
- OR: for multiple contributors, use contributor-last1, contributor-first1 through contributor-lastn, contributor-firstn where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of contributors (each contributor-firstn requires a corresponding contributor-lastn, but not the other way around). Aliases: contributor1-last, contributor1-first through contributorn-last, contributorn-first, or contributor1 through contributorn.
- contributor-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the contributor—not the contributor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: contributor-link1, contributor1-link.
- OR: for multiple contributors, use contributor-link1 through contributor-linkn. Aliases: contributor1-link through contributorn-link.
- translator-last: Surname of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-surname, translator1, translator1-last, translator-last1.
- translator-first: Given or first names of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-given, translator1-first, translator-first1.
- OR: for multiple translators, use translator-last1, translator-first1 through translator-lastn, translator-firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of translators (each translator-firstn requires a corresponding translator-lastn, but not the other way around). Aliases: translator1-last, translator1-first through translatorn-last, translatorn-first, or translator1 through translatorn.
- translator-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: translator-link1, translator1-link.
- OR: for multiple translators, use translator-link1 through translator-linkn. Aliases: translator1-link through translatorn-link.
- collaboration: Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires author, last, or vauthors listing one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends "et al." to author name-list.
- others: To record other contributors to the work, including illustrators. For the parameter value, write Illustrated by John Smith.
- Note: When using shortened footnotes or parenthetical referencing styles with templates, do not use multiple names in one field, or else the anchor will not match the inline link.
Date
- date: Date of referenced source. Can be full date (day, month, and year) or partial date (month and year, season and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations.[date 1] Required when year is used to disambiguate
{sfn}links to multiple-work citations by the same author in the same year.[more] Do not wikilink. Displays after the authors and is enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after the website and publisher. Error: no text specified (help).
- For approximate year, precede with "
c.", like this:|date=c. 1900.
- For no date, or "undated", use
|date=n.d. - The date of a Web page, PDF, etc. with no visible date can sometimes be established by searching the page source or document code for a
createdorupdateddate; a comment for editors such asdate=2021-12-25<!--date from page source-->|orig-date=Original date 2011-01-01can be added.
- Automatic date formatting: Citation Style 1 and 2 templates, including this template, automatically render dates in all date parameters (such as
|date=,|publication-date=,|access-date=,|archive-date=, etc.) except for|orig-date=in the style specified by the article's{use dmy dates}or{use mdy dates}template. See those templates' documentation for details.
- year: Year of source being referenced. The usage of this parameter is discouraged; use the more flexible
|date=parameter instead unless both of the following conditions are met:- The
|date=format is YYYY-MM-DD. - The citation requires a
CITEREFdisambiguator.
- The
- orig-date: Original publication date or year; displays in square brackets after the date (or year). For clarity, please supply specifics. For example:
|orig-date=First published 1859or|orig-date=Composed 1904. As|orig-date=does not support automatic date formatting, use the same date format as defined by|df=(or, if it exists in the article, by|cs1-dates=of a{use dmy dates}or{use mdy dates}template), or as used in the|date=parameter. Alias: orig-year - df: date format; sets rendered dates to the specified format; does not support date ranges or seasonal dates; overrides the automatic date formatting described above. Accepts one value which may be one of these:
dmy– set publication dates to day month year format; access- and archive-dates are not modified;mdy– as above for month day, year formatymd– as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DDdmy-all– set publication, access-, and archive-dates to day month year format;mdy-all– as above for month day, year formatymd-all– as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD
Title
Error: no text specified (help).
- title: Title of source. Can be wikilinked to an existing Wikipedia article or url may be used to add an external link, but not both. Displays in italics. If script-title is defined, use title to hold a Romanization (if available) of the title in script-title.
- script-title: Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in title (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
... |title=Tōkyō tawā |script-title=ja:東京タワー |trans-title=Tokyo Tower ...
- trans-title: English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after title. Use of the language parameter is recommended.
- script-title: Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in title (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
- Titles containing certain characters will not display and link correctly unless those characters are encoded.
| newline | [ | ] | | |
|---|---|---|---|
| space | [ | ] | {!} (preferred)
|
| {bracket|text} | | or {pipe} – Error: no text specified (help). | ||
- title-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the source named in title – do not use a web address; do not wikilink.
- type: Provides additional information about the media type of the source. May alternatively be used to identify the type of manuscript linked to in the title, if this is not the final version of a manuscript (e.g. if a preprint of a manuscript is freely available, but the version of record is behind a paywall). Format in sentence case. Displays in parentheses following the title. The reserved keyword
nonecan be used to disable the display of a type. Examples: Thesis, Booklet, Accepted manuscript, CD liner, Press release. Alias: medium.
- chapter: The chapter heading of the source. May be wikilinked or may use chapter-url, but not both. Displays in quotes. If script-chapter is defined, use chapter to hold a Romanization (if available) of the title in script-chapter
- script-chapter: Chapter heading for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc); follows Romanization defined in chapter (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
... |chapter=Tōkyō tawā |script-chapter=ja:東京タワー |trans-chapter=Tokyo Tower ...
- trans-chapter: English translation of the chapter heading, if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after the chapter field; if chapter-url is defined, then trans-chapter is included in the link. Use of the language parameter is recommended.
- script-chapter: Chapter heading for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc); follows Romanization defined in chapter (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
- contribution: A separately-authored part of author's book. May be wikilinked or may use contribution-url, but not both. Values of
Afterword,Foreword,Introduction, orPrefacewill display unquoted; any other value will display in quotation marks. The author of the contribution is given in contributor.
- language: The language (or a comma-separated list of the languages) in which the source is written, as either the ISO 639 language code (preferred) or the full language name. Examples:
|language=ru;|lang=fr, pt-br;|lang=Russian;|language=French, Portuguese. See the list of supported codes and names. Do not use templates or wikilinks. Displays in parentheses with "in" before the language name or names. When the only source language is English, no language is displayed in the citation. The use of languages recognized by the citation module adds the page to the appropriate subcategory of ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀ:CS1 foreign language sources. Because cs1|2 templates are often copied from en.wiki to other wikis, the use of language codes is preferred so that language names render in the correct language and form: espagnol at a French-language wiki instead of the English word "Spanish". Aliases: lang
Publisher
- publisher: Name of publisher; may be wikilinked if relevant. The publisher is the company, organization or other legal entity that publishes the work being cited. Do not use the publisher parameter for the name of a work (e.g. a website, book, encyclopedia, newspaper, magazine, journal, etc.). If the name of the publisher changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. Corporate designations such as "Ltd", "Inc.", or "GmbH" are not usually included. Not normally used for periodicals. Omit where the publisher's name is substantially the same as the name of the work (for example, The New York Times Co. publishes The New York Times newspaper, so there is no reason to name the publisher). Displays after title.
- place: For news stories with a dateline, the location where the story was written. If the name of the location changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. In earlier versions of the template this was the publication place, and for compatibility, will be treated as the publication place if the publication-place parameter is absent; see that parameter for further information. Alias: location
- publication-place: Geographical place of publication; generally not wikilinked; omit when the name of the work includes the publication place, for example, The Boston Globe, The Times of India. Displays after the title. If the name of the publication place changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. If only one of publication-place, place, or location is defined, it will be treated as the publication place and will show after the title; if publication-place and place or location are defined, then place or location is shown before the title prefixed with "written at" and publication-place is shown after the title.
- publication-date: Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. If date (or year) is also defined and is different, then publication-date displays preceded by "published" and enclosed in parentheses, following publisher. If date (or year) is not defined, publication-date is displayed as date. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink.
- via: Name of the content deliverer (if different from publisher). via is not a replacement for publisher, but provides additional detail. It may be used when the content deliverer (e.g. NewsBank) presents the source in a format different from the original, when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer, where no URL or DOI is available (EBSCO), or if the deliverer requests attribution. Error: no text specified (help).
Edition, series, volume
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- series or version: When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal, where the issue numbering has restarted.
ਲੂਆ ਗ਼ਲਤੀ: expandTemplate: template "Citation Style documentation/volume" does not exist।
In-source locations
- page: The number of a single page in the source that supports the content. Use either
|page=or|pages=, but not both. Displays preceded byp.|no-pp=yes. If hyphenated, use {hyphen} to indicate this is intentional (e.g.|page=3{hyphen}12), otherwise several editors and semi-automated tools will assume this was a misuse of the parameter to indicate a page range and will convert|page=3-12to|pages=3{ndash}12. Alias: p. - OR: pages: A range of pages in the source that supports the content. Use either
|page=or|pages=, but not both. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,); do not use to indicate the total number of pages in the source. Displays preceded bypp.|no-pp=yes.
Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of|pages=without processing it, and use {hyphen} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended:|pages=((3{hyphen}1{ndash}3{hyphen}15)). Alternatively, use|at=, like this:|at=pp. 3-1–3-15. Alias: pp.- no-pp: Set to yes, y, or true to suppress the
p.pp.|page=Front coveror|pages=passim.
- no-pp: Set to yes, y, or true to suppress the
- OR: at: For sources where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient. Overridden by
|page=or|pages=. Use only one of|page=,|pages=, or|at=.
Examples: page (p.) or pages (pp.); section (sec.), column (col.), paragraph (para.); track; hours, minutes and seconds; act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, verse. - For
|quote-page=and|quote-pages=used in conjunction with|quote=, see here.
URL
- url: URL of an online location where the text of the publication named by title can be found. Cannot be used if title is wikilinked. If applicable, the link may point to the specific page(s) referenced. Remove tracking parameters from URLs, e.g.
#ixzz2rBr3aO94or?utm_source=google&utm_medium=...&utm_term=...&utm_campaign=.... Error: no text specified (help). Do not link to any commercial booksellers, such as Amazon; use|isbn=or|oclc=to provide neutral search links for books. Invalid URLs, including those containing spaces, will result in an error message.- access-date: Full date when the content pointed to by url was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires url; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations.[date 1] Not required for linked documents that do not change. For example, access-date is required for online sources, such as personal websites, that do not have a publication date; see WP:CITEWEB. Access dates are not required for links to published research papers or published books. Note that access-date is the date that the URL was found to be working and to support the text being cited. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with
{use dmy dates}and{use mdy dates}. Can be hidden or styled by registered editors. Alias: accessdate. - archive-url: The URL of an archived snapshot of a web page. Typically used to refer to services such as Internet Archive Error: no text specified (help)., WebCite Error: no text specified (help). and archive.today Error: no text specified (help).; requires archive-date and url. By default (overridden by
|url-status=live) the archived link is displayed first, with the original link at the end. Alias: archiveurl.- archive-date: Archive-service snapshot-date; preceded in display by default text "archived from the original on". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates.[date 1] Do not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with
{use dmy dates}and{use mdy dates}. Alias: archivedate. - url-status: the
|url-status=parameter should only be included if an|archive-url=is set (dead links without an archive URL can be marked with {dead link}). If|url-status=is omitted, or is specified with a null value, the default value is|url-status=dead. When the URL is still live, but pre-emptively archived, then set|url-status=live; this changes the display order, with the title retaining the original link and the archive linked at the end.
If the original URL is 'live' but no longer supports the article text, set|url-status=deviated. When the original URL has been usurped for the purposes of spam, advertising, or is otherwise unsuitable, setting|url-status=unfitor|url-status=usurpedsuppresses display of the original URL (but|url=and|archive-url=are still required). - archive-format: File format of the work referred to by archive-url; for example: PDF, DOC, or XLS; displayed in parentheses after the archive link. HTML is implied and should not be specified. File format annotation is automatically rendered when a PDF icon is displayed. Does not change the external link icon. Note: External link icons do not include alt text; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. Error: no text specified (help).
- archive-date: Archive-service snapshot-date; preceded in display by default text "archived from the original on". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates.[date 1] Do not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with
- url-access: Error: no text specified (help).
- access-date: Full date when the content pointed to by url was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires url; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations.[date 1] Not required for linked documents that do not change. For example, access-date is required for online sources, such as personal websites, that do not have a publication date; see WP:CITEWEB. Access dates are not required for links to published research papers or published books. Note that access-date is the date that the URL was found to be working and to support the text being cited. See "Automatic date formatting" above for details about interaction with
- format: File format of the work referred to by url; for example: PDF, DOC, or XLS; displayed in parentheses after title. (For media format, use type.) HTML is implied and should not be specified. File format annotation is automatically rendered when a PDF icon is displayed. Does not change the external link icon. Note: External link icons do not include alt text; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. Error: no text specified (help).
URLs must begin with a supported URI scheme. http:// and https:// will be supported by all browsers; however, ftp://, gopher://, irc://, ircs://, mailto: and news: may require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided. IPv6 host-names are currently not supported.
If URLs in citation template parameters contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to be percent-encoded. For example, a space must be replaced by %20. To encode the URL, replace the following characters with:
| Character | space | " | ' | < | > | [ | ] | { | | | } |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Encoding | %20 | %22 | %27 | %3C | %3E | %5B | %5D | %7B | %7C | %7D |
Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion.
Chapter URL
ਲੂਆ ਗ਼ਲਤੀ: expandTemplate: template "Citation Style documentation/chapterurl" does not exist।
Anchor
- ref: the citation's HTML anchor identifier, when different from its default. When set,
|ref=IDgenerates an anchor with the givenID(theid=attribute in the citation's<cite id="ID">HTML tag). Setting|ref=IDidentifies the template as a target and allows wikilinking to full references, especially useful with short-form citations like shortened notes and parenthetical referencing. The default anchor ID is suitable for use with {sfn} and {harv} templates. Since April 2020, the parameter / keyword pair|ref=harvhas no special meaning; this deprecated setting should not be used and may be removed from existing cs1|2 templates. To inhibit anchor ID creation, set|ref=none. Aliases: none. Error: no text specified (help).
Identifiers
- id: A unique identifier, used where none of the specialized identifiers are applicable; wikilink or use an external link template as applicable. For example,
|id=NCJ 122967will append "NCJ 122967" at the end of the citation. You can use templates such as|id={NCJ|122967}to append NCJ 122967 instead.
The following identifiers create links and are designed to accept a single value. Using multiple values or other text will break the link and/or invalidate the identifier. In general, the parameters should include only the variable part of the identifier, e.g. |rfc=822 or |pmc=345678.
- arxiv: arXiv identifier; for example:
|arxiv=hep-th/9205027(before April 2007) or|arxiv=0706.0001(April 2007 – December 2014) or|arxiv=1501.00001(since January 2015). Do not include extraneous file extensions like ".pdf" or ".html". Aliases: eprint. - asin: Amazon Standard Identification Number; if first character of asin value is a digit, use isbn. Because this link favours one specific distributor, include it only if standard identifiers are not available. Example
|asin=B00005N5PF. Aliases: ASIN.- asin-tld: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values: . Aliases: none.
- bibcode: bibcode; used by a number of astronomical data systems; for example:
1974AJ.....79..819H. Aliases: none. - biorxiv: bioRxiv id, as in the entire DOI (e.g.
10.1101/078733for http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/10/01/078733 or https://doi.org/10.1101/078733;10.1101/2020.07.24.220400for https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.24.220400). Aliases: none. - citeseerx: CiteSeerX id, a string of digits and dots found in a CiteSeerX URL (e.g.
10.1.1.176.341for http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.176.341). Aliases: none. - doi: Digital object identifier; for example:
10.1038/news070508-7. It is checked to ensure it begins with (10.- Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid DOIs using a non-standard format, see below.
- doi-broken-date: Date a valid DOI was found to be non-working/inactive at https://doi.org. Use the same format as other dates in the article. Aliases: none.
- eissn: International Standard Serial Number for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen, but not an en dash or a space; example
|eissn=1557-2986. Aliases: EISSN.- Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid eISSNs using a non-standard format, see below.
- hdl: Handle System identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet; example
|hdl=20.1000/100. Aliases: HDL. - isbn: International Standard Book Number; for example:
978-0-8126-9593-9. Error: no text specified (help). Hyphens in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. Use the ISBN actually printed on or in the book. Use the 13-digit ISBN – beginning with 978 or 979 – when it is available. If only a 10-digit ISBN is printed on or in the book, use it. ISBNs can be found on the page with the publisher's information – usually the back of the title page – or beneath the barcode as a number beginning with 978 or 979 (barcodes beginning with any other numbers are not ISBNs). For sources with the older 9-digit SBN system, use sbn. Do not convert a 10-digit ISBN to 13-digit by just adding the 978 prefix; the last digit is a calculated check digit and just making changes to the numbers will make the ISBN invalid. This parameter should hold only the ISBN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens, with "X" permitted as the last character in a 10-digit ISBN – and the proper check digit. Aliases: ISBN.- Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISBNs using a non-standard format, see below.
- ismn: International Standard Music Number; for example:
979-0-9016791-7-7. Hyphens or spaces in the ISMN are optional. Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. This parameter should hold only the ISMN without any additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens – and the proper check digit. Aliases: ISMN. - issn: International Standard Serial Number; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen, but not an en dash or a space; example
|issn=2049-3630. Aliases: ISSN.- Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid ISSNs using a non-standard format, see below.
- jfm: Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik; do not include "JFM" in the value; example
|jfm=53.0144.01. Aliases: JFM. - jstor: JSTOR reference number; for example:
|jstor=3793107. Aliases: JSTOR. - lccn: Library of Congress Control Number. When present, alphabetic prefix characters are to be lower case and without a space; example
|lccn=79-57364or|lccn=2004042477or|lccn=e09001178. Aliases: LCCN. - mr: Mathematical Reviews; example
|mr=630583. Aliases: MR. - oclc: OCLC Number for looking up publications in the WorldCat union catalog; example
|oclc=9355469. Aliases: OCLC. - ol: Open Library identifier; do not include "OL" in the value; example
|ol=7030731M. Aliases: OL. - osti: Office of Scientific and Technical Information; example
|osti=4367507. Aliases: OSTI. - pmc: PubMed Central; use article number for open repository full-text of a journal article, e.g.
|pmc=345678. Do not include "PMC" in the value. Error: no text specified (help).. Aliases: PMC.- pmc-embargo-date: Date that pmc goes live; if this date is in the future, then pmc is not linked until that date. Aliases: none.
- pmid: PubMed; use unique identifier; example
|pmid=17322060Error: no text specified (help). Aliases: PMID. - rfc: Request for Comments; example
|rfc=3143. Aliases: RFC. - sbn: Standard Book Number; example
|sbn=356-02201-3. Aliases: SBN.- Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate valid SBNs using a non-standard format, see below.
- ssrn: Social Science Research Network; example
|ssrn=1900856. Aliases: SSRN. - s2cid: Semantic Scholar corpus ID; example
|s2cid=37220927. Aliases: S2CID. - zbl: Zentralblatt MATH; example
|zbl=0472.53010For zbMATH search results likeJFM 35.0387.02use|jfm=35.0387.02. Aliases: ZBL.
In very rare cases, valid identifiers (f.e., as actually printed on publications) do not follow their defined standard format or use non-conforming checksums, which would typically cause an error message to be shown. Do not alter them to match a different checksum. In order to suppress the error message, some identifiers (|doi=, |eissn=, |isbn=, |issn=, and |sbn=) support a special accept-this-as-written markup which can be applied to disable the error-checking (as |<param>=((<value>))). If the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the identifier value instead of overriding the error message.
For some identifiers, it is possible to specify the access status using the corresponding |<param>-access= parameter.
For {cite journal}, some identifiers (specifying free resources) will automatically be linked to the title when |url= and |title-link= are not used to specify a different link target. This behaviour can be overridden by one out of a number of special keywords for |title-link= to manually select a specific source (|title-link=pmc or |title-link=doi) for auto-linking or to disable the feature (|title-link=none).
It is not necessary to specify a URL to a link identical to a link also produced by an identifier. The |url= parameter (or |title-link=) can then be used for providing a direct deep link to the corresponding document or a convenience link to a resource that would not otherwise be obviously accessible.
Quote
- quote: Relevant text quoted from the source. Displays enclosed in quotes. When supplied, the citation terminator (a period by default) is suppressed, so the quote must include terminating punctuation. If script-quote is defined, use quote to hold a Romanization (if available) of the text in script-quote.
- script-quote: Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in quote (if available). Alias: none. Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
... |quote=Tōkyō tawā |script-quote=ja:東京タワー |trans-quote=Tokyo Tower ...
- trans-quote: English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. Alias: none.
- script-quote: Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in quote (if available). Alias: none. Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
- quote-page: The number of a single page quoted in
|quote=. Use either|quote-page=or|quote-pages=, but not both. Should be a subset of the page(s) specified in|page=,|pages=or|at=. Displays preceded byp.|no-pp=yes. If hyphenated, use {hyphen} to indicate this is intentional (e.g.|quote-page=3{hyphen}12). Alias: none. - OR: quote-pages: A list or range of pages quoted in
|quote=. Use either|quote-page=or|quote-pages=, but not both. Should be a subset of the pages specified in|pages=or|at=. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,). Displays preceded bypp.|no-pp=yesis defined. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of|quote-pages=without processing it, and use {hyphen} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended:|quote-pages=((3{hyphen}1{ndash}3{hyphen}15)). Alias: none.
Editors
- editor-last: surname of editor. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Where the surname is usually written first—as in Chinese—or for corporate authors, simply use editor-last to include the same format as the source. Aliases: editor-last1, editor1-last, editor-surname, editor-surname1, editor1-surname, editor, editor1.
- editor: This parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single editor (first and last), or the name of an editorial committee. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one editor.
- editor-first: given or first names of editor, including title(s); example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Dr. Firstname M., Sr. Do not wikilink—use editor-link instead. Aliases: editor-first1, editor1-first, editor-given, editor-given1, editor1-given.
- OR: for multiple editors, use editor-last1, editor-first1 through editor-lastn, editor-firstn (Aliases: editorn-last, editor-surnamen or editorn-surname; editorn-first, editor-givenn or editorn-given; editorn). For an individual editor plus an institutional editor, you can use
|editor-first1=...|editor-last1=...|editor2=.... - editor-link: title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor—not the editor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: editor-link1.
- OR: for multiple editors, use editor-link1 through editor-linkn (alias editorn-link).
- name-list-style: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to
amp,ampersand, or&, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set toand, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set tovancdisplays name lists in Vancouver style when the lists use thelast/firstforms of name parameters.
- veditors: comma separated list of editor names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional names in doubled parentheses. End with etal if appropriate:
|veditors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal
- editor-linkn and editor-maskn may be used for the individual names in
|veditors=, as described above
- Display:
- Use display-editors to control the length of the displayed editor name list and to specify when "et al." is included.
- If authors: Authors are first, followed by the included work, then "In" and the editors, then the main work.
- If no authors: Editors appear before the included work; a single editor is followed by "ed."; multiple editors are followed by "eds."
Display options
- mode: Sets element separator, default terminal punctuation, and certain capitalization according to the value provided. For
|mode=cs1, element separator and terminal punctuation is a period (.); where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are capitalized ('Retrieved...'). For|mode=cs2, element separator is a comma (,); terminal punctuation is omitted; where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are not capitalized ('retrieved...'). To override default terminal punctuation use postscript. - author-mask:
- contributor-mask:
- editor-mask:
- interviewer-mask:
- subject-mask:
- translator-mask:
- Replaces the name of the (first) author with em dashes or text. Set <name>-mask to a numeric value n to set the dash n em spaces wide; set <name>-mask to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". The numeric value 0 is a special case to be used in conjunction with <name>-link—in this case, the value of <name>-link will be used as (linked) text. In either case, you must still include the values for all names for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as shortened footnotes. Do not use in a list generated by
{reflist},<references />or similar as there is no control of the order in which references are displayed. Mask parameters can take an enumerator in the name of the parameter (e.g.|authorn-mask=) to apply the mask to a specific name.
- Replaces the name of the (first) author with em dashes or text. Set <name>-mask to a numeric value n to set the dash n em spaces wide; set <name>-mask to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". The numeric value 0 is a special case to be used in conjunction with <name>-link—in this case, the value of <name>-link will be used as (linked) text. In either case, you must still include the values for all names for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as shortened footnotes. Do not use in a list generated by
- display-authors:
- display-contributors:
- display-editors:
- display-interviewers:
- display-subjects:
- display-translators:
- Controls the number of author or editor names that are displayed when a citation is published. To change the displayed number of names, set display-authors and/or display-editors to the desired number. For example,
|display-authors=2will display only the first two authors in a citation (and not affect the display of editors). Likewise,|display-editors=2will display only the first two editors (and all authors).|display-authors=0and|display-editors=0are special cases suppressing the display of all authors or editors including the et al. By default, all authors and editors are displayed.|display-authors=etaldisplays all authors in the list followed by et al. Aliases: none.
- Controls the number of author or editor names that are displayed when a citation is published. To change the displayed number of names, set display-authors and/or display-editors to the desired number. For example,
- postscript: Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to a period (
.); for no terminating punctuation, specify|postscript=none– leaving|postscript=empty is the same as omitting it, but is ambiguous. Additional text, or templates that render more than a single terminating punctuation character, will generate a maintenance message.|postscript=is ignored if quote is defined.
Subscription or registration required
Citations of online sources that require registration or a subscription are acceptable in Wikipedia as documented in Verifiability § Access to sources. As a courtesy to readers and other editors, editors should signal restrictions on access to material provided via the external links included in a citation. These levels describe requirements or constraints related to accessing and viewing the cited material; they are not intended to indicate the ability to reuse, or the copyright status, of the material, since that status is not relevant to verifying claims in articles.
Four access levels can be used:
- access indicator for named identifiers:
free: the source is free to read for anyone (from the viewpoint of the provider of the source – could still be blocked by client-side filtering or safeguarding, or distributor-based geoblocking)
- access indicators for url-holding parameters:
registration: a free registration with the provider of the source is required to access the source, even if a limited preview, abstract or review may still be available without registration-
limited: there are other constraints (such as a cap on daily views, a restriction to certain day or night times, or providing the contents only to certain IP ranges/locales on behalf of the provider of the source) to freely access this source as a whole 
subscription: the source as a whole is only accessible via a paid subscription with the provider of the source ("paywall"), even if a limited preview, abstract or review may still be available without subscription
As there are often multiple external links with different access levels in the same citation, each value is attributed to a specific external link.
Access indicators for url-holding parameters
Online sources linked by |url=, |article-url=, |chapter-url=, |contribution-url=, |entry-url=, |map-url=, and |section-url= are presumed to be free-to-read. When they are not free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. Because the sources linked by these url-holding parameters are presumed to be free-to-read, they may not be marked as free.
| URL | Access | Allowed keywords |
|---|---|---|
|url=
|
|url-access= |
registration  limited subscription 
|
|article-url=
|
|article-url-access=
| |
|chapter-url=
|
|chapter-url-access=
| |
|contribution-url=
|
|contribution-url-access=
| |
|entry-url=
|
|entry-url-access=
| |
|map-url=
|
|map-url-access=
| |
|section-url=
|
|section-url-access=
|
For example, this cites a web page that requires registration but not subscription:
- {cite web |url=https://example.com/nifty_data.php |url-access=registration |date=2021-04-15 |title=Nifty example data}
which renders as:
- "Nifty example data". 2021-04-15.
Access indicator for named identifiers
Links inserted by named identifiers are presumed to lie behind a paywall or registration barrier – exceptions listed below. When they are free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. When the sources linked by these named-identifier parameters are not presumed to carry a free-to-read full text (for instance because they're just abstracting services), they may not be marked as limited, registration, or subscription.
| Identifier | Access | Allowed keywords |
|---|---|---|
|bibcode=
|
|bibcode-access= |
free 
|
|doi=
|
|doi-access=
| |
|hdl=
|
|hdl-access=
| |
|jstor=
|
|jstor-access=
| |
|ol=
|
|ol-access=
| |
|osti=
|
|osti-access=
| |
|s2cid=
|
|s2cid-access=
|
Some named-identifiers are always free-to-read. For those named identifiers there are no access-indicator parameters; the access level is automatically indicated by the template. These named identifiers are:
|arxiv=|biorxiv=|citeseerx=|pmc=|rfc=|ssrn=
For embargoed pmc that will become available in the future, see pmc-embargo-date.
TemplateData
See Template:Cite book/TemplateData.
Citation tools
- Citer: A web tool that converts a DOI, ISBN, PMID, PMCID, OCLC, or Google Books URL into a citation and shortened footnote.
This template produces COinS metadata; see COinS in Wikipedia for background information.
TemplateData
|
|---|
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ਫਰਮਾ:Cite book/TemplateData |