Aruncarea greutății
Aruncarea greutății este o disciplină sportivă care aparține de atletism. Greutatea este o bilă de metal cu diametrul între 110 – 130 mm, care cântărește 7,26 kg la bărbați si 4 kg la femei. Tehnica este aruncarea bilei cu o mână de la umăr dintr-un cerc cu diametrul de 2,135 m. Disciplina sportivă este cunoscută din antichitate, fiind amintită în Iliada lui Homer. Probabil deja anterior a existat proba de aruncare a unei greutăți mai mari, ca o demonstrație a forței masculine. Mai târziu obiectul aruncat devine confecționat din metal. În anul 1860 bila aruncată cântărește 16 pfunzi (7,257 kg). Ea fiind aruncată dintr-un pătrat cu latura de 7 picioare (2,135 m). Din anul 1906 se va arunca dintr-un cerc cu același diametru de 2,135 m.
Recorduri
Masculin
- 15,54 m, Ralph Rose (USA), 1909
- 16,04 m, Emil Hirschfeld (GER), 1928
- 17,40 m, Jack Torrance (USA), 1934
- 18,00 m, Parry O'Brien (USA), 1953
- 19,06 m, Parry O'Brien (USA), 1956
- 20,06 m, Bill Nieder (USA), 1960
- 21,52 m, Randy Matson (USA), 1965
- 22,00 m, Alexander Baryschnikow (URSS), 1976
- 23,04 m, Ulf Timmermann (RDG), 1988
Feminin
- 10,15 m, Violette Gouraud-Morris (FRA), 1924
- 11,32 m, Ruth Lange (GER), 1927
- 12,85 m, Grete Heublein (GER), 1929
- 13,70 m, Grete Heublein (GER), 1931
- 15,02 m, Anna Andrejewa (URSS), 1950
- 14,38 m, Gisela Mauermayer (GER), 1934
- 16,20 m, Galina Sybina (URSS), 1953
- 17,25 m, Tamara Press (URSS), 1959
- 18,55 m, Tamara Press (URSS), 1962
- 19,07 m, Margitta Gummel (RDG), 1968
- 20,09 m, Nadeșda Cișova (URSS), 1969
- 21,03 m, Nadeșda Cișova (URSS), 1972
- 22,32 m, Helena Fibingerová (CEH), 1977
Medaliați olimpici
Masculin
| Olimpiada | Aur
|
Argint
|
Bronz
|
|---|---|---|---|
| 1896 | Robert Garrett (USA) | Mitiadis Gouskos (GRE) | Georgios Papasideris (GRE) |
| 1900 | Richard Sheldon (USA) | Josiah McCracken (USA) | Robert Garrett (USA) |
| 1904 | Ralph Rose (USA) | Wesley Coe (USA) | Leon Feuerbach (USA) |
| 1906 | Martin Sheridan (USA) | Mihály Dávid (HUN) | Eric Lemming (SWE) |
| 1908 | Ralph Rose (USA) | Denis Horgan (GBR) | John Garrels (USA) |
| 1912 | Patrick McDonald (USA) | Ralph Rose (USA) | Lawrence Whitney (USA) |
| 1920 | Ville Pörhölä (FIN) | Elmer Niklander (FIN) | Harry Liversedge (USA) |
| 1924 | Clarence Houser (USA) | Glenn Hartranft (USA) | Ralph Hills (USA) |
| 1928 | John Kuck (USA) | Herman Brix (USA) | Emil Hirschfeld (GER) |
| 1932 | Leo Sexton (USA) | Harlow Rothert (USA) | František Douda (TCH) |
| 1936 | Hans Woellke (GER) | Sulo Bärlund (FIN) | Gerhard Stöck (GER) |
| 1948 | Wilbur Thompson (USA) | Jim Delaney (USA) | Jim Fuchs (USA) |
| 1952 | Parry O'Brien (USA) | Darrow Hooper (USA) | Jim Fuchs (USA) |
| 1956 | Parry O'Brien (USA) | Bill Nieder (USA) | Jirí Skobla (TCH) |
| 1960 | Bill Nieder (USA) | Parry O'Brien (USA) | Dallas Long (USA) |
| 1964 | Dallas Long (USA) | Randy Matson (USA) | Vilmos Varjú (HUN) |
| 1968 | Randy Matson (USA) | George Woods (USA) | Eduard Gustschin (URS) |
| 1972 | Władysław Komar (POL) | George Woods (USA) | Hartmut Briesenick (GDR) |
| 1976 | Udo Beyer (GDR) | Jewgeni Mironow (URS) | Alexander Baryschnikow (URS) |
| 1980 | Wladimir Kisseljow (URS) | Alexander Baryschnikow (URS) | Udo Beyer (GDR) |
| 1984 | Alessandro Andrei (ITA) | Mike Carter (USA) | Dave Laut (USA) |
| 1988 | Ulf Timmermann (GDR) | Randy Barnes (USA) | Werner Günthör (SUI) |
| 1992 | Mike Stulce (USA) | Jim Doehring (USA) | Wjatscheslaw Lycho (EUN) |
| 1996 | Randy Barnes (USA) | John Godina (USA) | Oleksandr Bahatsch (UKR) |
| 2000 | Arsi Harju (FIN) | Adam Nelson (USA) | John Godina (USA) |
| 2004 | Jurij Bilonoh (UKR) | Adam Nelson (USA) | Joachim Olsen (DEN) |
| 2008 | Tomasz Majewski (POL) | Christian Cantwell (USA) | Andrej Michnewitsch (BLR) |
Feminin
| Olimpiada | Aur
|
Argint
|
Bronz
|
|---|---|---|---|
| 1956 | Tamara Tyschkewitsch (URS) | Galina Sybina (URS) | Marianne Werner (EUA)/(FRG) |
| 1960 | Tamara Press (URS) | Johanna Lüttge (EUA)/(GDR) | Earlene Brown (USA) |
| 1964 | Tamara Press (URS) | Renate Garisch-Culmberger (EUA)/(GDR) | Galina Sybina (URS) |
| 1968 | Margitta Gummel (GDR) | Marita Lange (GDR) | Nadeschda Tschischowa (URS) |
| 1972 | Nadeschda Tschischowa (URS) | Margitta Gummel (GDR) | Iwanka Christowa (BUL) |
| 1976 | Iwanka Christowa (BUL) | Nadeschda Tschischowa (URS) | Helena Fibingerová (TCH) |
| 1980 | Ilona Slupianek (GDR) | Swetlana Kratschewskaja (URS) | Margitta Pufe (GDR) |
| 1984 | Claudia Losch (FRG) | Mihaela Loghin (ROM) | Gael Martin (AUS) |
| 1988 | Natalja Lissowskaja (URS) | Kathrin Neimke (GDR) | Li Meisu (CHN) |
| 1992 | Swetlana Kriweljowa (EUN) | Huang Zhihong (CHN) | Kathrin Neimke (GER) |
| 1996 | Astrid Kumbernuss (GER) | Sui Xinmei (CHN) | Irina Chudoroschkina (RUS) |
| 2000 | Janina Karoltschyk (BLR) | Larissa Peleschenko (RUS) | Astrid Kumbernuss (GER) |
| 2004 | Yumileidi Cumba (CUB) | Nadine Kleinert (GER) | Swetlana Kriweljowa (RUS) |
| 2008 | Valerie Vili (NZL) | Natallja Michnewitsch (BLR) | Nadseja Astaptschuk (BLR) |
Evoluția recordului mondial
Masculin
| Distanță | Sportiv | Țară | Data | Locul |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15,54 | Ralph Rose | USA | 21.08.1909 | San Francisco |
| 15,79 | Emil Hirschfeld | GER | 06.05.1928 | Breslau |
| 15,87 | John Kuck | USA | 29.06.1928 | Amsterdam |
| 16,04 | Emil Hirschfeld | GER | 26.08.1928 | Bochum |
| 16,04 | Frantisek Douda | TCH | 04.10.1931 | Brno |
| 16,05 | Zygmunt Heljasz | POL | 29.06.1932 | Poznan |
| 16,16 | Leo Sexton | USA | 27.08.1932 | Freeport |
| 16,20 | Frantisek Douda | TCH | 24.09.1932 | Praga |
| 16,48 | John Lyman | USA | 21.04.1934 | Palo Alto |
| 16,80 | Jack Torrance | USA | 21.04.1934 | Des Moines |
| 16,89 | Jack Torrance | USA | 30.06.1934 | Milwaukee |
| 17,40 | Jack Torrance | USA | 05.08.1934 | Oslo |
| 17,68 | Charles Fonville | USA | 17.04.1948 | Lawrence |
| 17,79 | James Fuchs | USA | 28.07.1949 | Oslo |
| 17,82 | James Fuchs | USA | 29.04.1950 | Los Angeles |
| 17,90 | James Fuchs | USA | 20.08.1950 | Visby |
| 17,95 | James Fuchs | USA | 22.08.1950 | Eskilstuna |
| 18,00 | Parry O'Brien | USA | 09.05.1953 | Fresno |
| 18,04 | Parry O'Brien | USA | 05.06.1953 | Compton |
| 18,42 | Parry O'Brien | USA | 08.05.1954 | Los Angeles |
| 18,43 | Parry O'Brien | USA | 11.06.1954 | Los Angeles |
| 18,54 | Parry O'Brien | USA | 11.06.1954 | Los Angeles |
| 18,62 | Parry O'Brien | USA | 05.05.1956 | Salt Lake City |
| 18,69 | Parry O'Brien | USA | 15.06.1956 | Los Angeles |
| 19,06 | Parry O'Brien | USA | 03.09.1956 | Eugene |
| 19,25 | Parry O'Brien | USA | 01.11.1956 | Los Angeles |
| 19,25 | Dallas Long | USA | 28.03.1959 | Santa Barbara |
| 19,30 | Parry O'Brien | USA | 11.08.1959 | Albuquerque |
| 19,38 | Dallas Long | USA | 05.03.1960 | Los Angeles |
| 19,45 | Bill Nieder | USA | 19.03.1960 | Palo Alto |
| 19,67 | Dallas Long | USA | 26.03.1960 | Los Angeles |
| 19,99 | Bill Nieder | USA | 02.04.1960 | Austin |
| 20,06 | Bill Nieder | USA | 12.08.1960 | Walnut |
| 20,08 | Dallas Long | USA | 18.05.1962 | Los Angeles |
| 20,10 | Dallas Long | USA | 04.04.1964 | Los Angeles |
| 20,20 | Dallas Long | USA | 29.05.1964 | Los Angeles |
| 20,68 | Dallas Long | USA | 25.07.1964 | Los Angeles |
| 21,52 | Randy Matson | USA | 08.05.1965 | College Station |
| 21,78 | Randy Matson | USA | 22.04.1967 | College Station |
| 21,82 | Al Feuerbach | USA | 05.05.1973 | San José |
| 21,85 | Terry Albritton | USA | 21.02.1976 | Honolulu |
| 22,00 | Alexander Baryschnikow | URS | 10.06.1976 | Paris |
| 22,15 | Udo Beyer | GDR | 06.07.1978 | Göteborg |
| 22,22 | Udo Beyer | GDR | 25.06.1983 | Los Angeles |
| 22,62 | Ulf Timmermann | GDR | 22.09.1985 | Berlin |
| 22,64 | Udo Beyer | GDR | 20.08.1986 | Berlin |
| 22,72 | Alessandro Andrei | ITA | 12.08.1987 | Viareggio |
| 22,84 | Alessandro Andrei | ITA | 12.08.1987 | Viareggio |
| 22,91 | Alessandro Andrei | ITA | 12.08.1987 | Viareggio |
| 23,06 | Ulf Timmermann | GDR | 22.05.1988 | Chania |
| 23,12 | Randy Barnes | USA | 20.05.1990 | Westwood |
Feminin
| Distanță | Sportiv | Țară | Data | Locul |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10,15 * | Violette Gouraud-Morris | FRA | 14.07.1924 | Paris |
| 10,84 * | Ruth Lange | GER | 28.05.1927 | Praga |
| 11,32 * | Ruth Lange | GER | 06.08.1927 | Wrocław |
| 11,52 * | Ruth Lange | GER | 03.06.1928 | Berlin |
| 11,96 * | Grete Heublein | GER | 15.07.1928 | Berlin |
| 12,85 * | Grete Heublein | GER | 21.07.1929 | Frankfurt am Main |
| 12,88 * | Grete Heublein | GER | 28.06.1931 | Paris |
| 13,70 * | Grete Heublein | GER | 16.08.1931 | Bielefeld |
| 14,38 | Gisela Mauermayer | GER | 15.07.1934 | Varșovia |
| 14,59 | Tatjana Sewrjukowa | URS | 04.08.1948 | Moscova |
| 14,86 | Klawdija Totschonowa | URS | 30.10.1949 | Tiflis |
| 15,02 | Anna Andrejewa | URS | 09.11.1950 | Ploiești |
| 15,28 | Galina Sybina | URS | 26.07.1952 | Helsinki |
| 15,37 | Galina Sybina | URS | 20.09.1952 | Frunze |
| 15,42 | Galina Sybina | URS | 01.10.1952 | Frunze |
| 16,20 | Galina Sybina | URS | 09.10.1953 | Malmö |
| 16,28 | Galina Sybina | URS | 14.09.1954 | Kiev |
| 16,29 | Galina Sybina | URS | 05.09.1955 | Leningrad |
| 16,67 | Galina Sybina | URS | 15.11.1955 | Tiflis |
| 16,76 | Galina Sybina | URS | 13.10.1956 | Tașkent |
| 17,25 | Tamara Press | URS | 26.04.1959 | Nalcik |
| 17,42 | Tamara Press | URS | 16.07.1960 | Moscova |
| 17,78 | Tamara Press | URS | 13.08.1960 | Moscova |
| 18,55 | Tamara Press | URS | 10.06.1962 | Leipzig |
| 18,55 | Tamara Press | URS | 12.09.1962 | Belgrad |
| 18,59 | Tamara Press | URS | 19.09.1965 | Kassel |
| 18,67 | Nadeschda Tschischowa | URS | 28.04.1968 | Soci |
| 18,87 | Margitta Gummel | GDR | 22.09.1968 | Frankfurt (Oder) |
| 19,07 | Margitta Gummel | GDR | 20.10.1968 | Ciudad de México |
| 19,61 | Margitta Gummel | GDR | 20.10.1968 | Ciudad de México |
| 19,72 | Nadeschda Tschischowa | URS | 30.05.1969 | Moscova |
| 20,09 | Nadeschda Tschischowa | URS | 13.07.1969 | Chorzów |
| 20,10 | Margitta Gummel | GDR | 11.09.1969 | Berlin |
| 20,10 | Nadeschda Tschischowa | URS | 16.09.1969 | Atena |
| 20,43 | Nadeschda Tschischowa | URS | 16.09.1969 | Atena |
| 20,43 | Nadeschda Tschischowa | URS | 29.08.1971 | Moscova |
| 20,63 | Nadeschda Tschischowa | URS | 19.05.1972 | Soci |
| 21,03 | Nadeschda Tschischowa | URS | 07.09.1972 | München |
| 21,20 | Nadeschda Tschischowa | URS | 28.08.1973 | Lwiw |
| 21,45 | Nadeschda Tschischowa | URS | 29.09.1973 | Varna |
| 21,57 | Helena Fibingerová | TCH | 21.09.1974 | Gottwaldov |
| 21,60 | Marianne Adam | GDR | 06.08.1975 | Berlin |
| 21,67 | Marianne Adam | GDR | 30.05.1976 | Karl-Marx-Stadt |
| 21,87 | Iwanka Christowa | BUL | 03.07.1976 | Belmeken |
| 21,89 | Iwanka Christowa | BUL | 05.07.1976 | Belmeken |
| 21,99 | Helena Fibingerová | TCH | 26.07.1976 | Opava |
| 22,32 | Helena Fibingerová | TCH | 20.08.1977 | Nitra |
| 22,36 | Ilona Slupianek | GDR | 02.05.1980 | Celje |
| 22,45 | Ilona Slupianek | GDR | 10.05.1980 | Potsdam |
| 22,53 | Natalja Lissowskaja | URS | 27.05.1984 | Soci |
| 22,60 | Natalja Lissowskaja | URS | 07.06.1987 | Moscova |
| 22,63 | Natalja Lissowskaja | URS | 07.06.1987 | Moscova |
Bibliografie
- Ralf Meier și Dr. Dieter Zittlau: Lexikon des Kraftsports. Zenon-Verlag, Düsseldorf 1991, ISBN 3-925790-19-5