Linus Pauling


Linus Pauling
BornLinus Carl Pauling
28 Februar 1901(1901-02-28)
Portland, Oregon, USA
Dee'd19 August 1994(1994-08-19) (aged 93)
Big Sur, Californie, USA
ResidenceUnitit States
NaitionalityAmerican
Alma mater
  • Oregon State Varsity
  • Californie Institute o Technology (Caltech)
Kent for
Awairds
  • Irving Langmuir Awaird (1931)
  • Davy Medal (1947)
  • Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1954)
  • Nobel Peace Prize (1962)
  • Roebling Medal (1967)
  • Lenin Peace Prize (1968–69)
  • National Medal o Science (1974)
  • Lomonosov Gowd Medal (1977)
  • NAS Awaird in Chemical Sciences (1979)
  • Priestley Medal (1984)
  • Vannevar Bush Awaird (1989)
Scientific career
Fields
InstitutionsAs faculty member
Caltech (1927–1963)
UC San Diego (1967–1969)
Stanford (1969–1975)

As fellow

Center for the Study o Democratic Institutions (1963–1967)
ThesisThe Determination with X-Rays of the Structures of Crystals (1925[3])
Doctoral advisorRoscoe Dickinson
Richard Tolman[1]
Other academic advisorsArnold Sommerfeld[2]
Niels Bohr[2]
Doctoral studentsMartin Karplus
Jerry Donohue
Matthew Meselson
Edgar Bright Wilson
William Lipscomb[1]
Signatur
Notes
The anly person tae win twa unshared Nobel Prizes.

Linus Carl Pauling (28 Februar 1901 – 19 August 1994)[4] wis an American chemist, biochemist, peace activist, author, an eddicator. He published mair nor 1,200 papers an beuks, o that aboot 850 dealt wi scienteefic topics.[5] New Scientist cried him one o the 20 greatest scientists o aw time,[6] an as o 2000, he wis rated the 16t maist important scientist in history.[7]

Pauling wis ane o the foonders o the fields o quantum chemistry an molecular biology.[8] His contreibutions tae the theory o the chemical bond include the concept o orbital hybridisation an the first accurate scale o electronegativities o the elements. Pauling an aw wirkit on the structurs o biological molecules, an shawed the importance o the alpha helix an beta sheet in protein seicontar structur. Pauling's approach combined methods an results frae X-ray creestallografie, molecular model biggin an quantum chemistry. His diskiveries inspired the wark o James Watson, Francis Crick, an Rosalind Franklin on the structur o DNA, that in turn made it possible for geneticists tae crack the DNA code o aw organisms.[9]

In his later years he promotit nuclear disairmament, as weel as orthomolecular medicine, megavitamin therapy,[10] an dietar supplements. Nane o the latter hae gained muckle acceptance in the mainstream scienteefic commonty.[6][11]

For his scienteefic work, Pauling wis awairded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954. For his peace activism, he wis awairdit the Nobel Peace Prize in 1962. He is ane o fower individuals tae hae wan mair nor ane Nobel Prize (the ithers bein Marie Curie, John Bardeen an Frederick Sanger).[12] O thir, he is the anerly person tae hae been awairdit twa unshared Nobel Prizes,[13] an ane o twa fowk to be awairdit Nobel Prizes in different fields, the ither bein Marie Curie.[12]

References

  1. ↑ a b Linus Pauling at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
  2. ↑ a b "A Guggenheim Fellow in Europe during the Golden Years of Physics (1926-1927)". Special collections. Oregon State University Libraries. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  3. ↑ Pauling, Linus (1925). The determination with x-rays of the structures of crystals (PhD thesis). California Institute of Technology.
  4. ↑ Dunitz, J. D. (1996). "Linus Carl Pauling. 28 February 1901-19 August 1994". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 42: 316–326. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1996.0020. PMID 11619334.
  5. ↑ Pauling, Linus (1997). Pauling, Jr., Linus (ed.). Selected papers of Linus Pauling (Volume I ed.). River Edge, NJ: World Scientific. p. xvii. ISBN 978-9810229399.
  6. ↑ a b Horgan, J (1993). "Profile: Linus C. Pauling – Stubbornly Ahead of His Time". Scientific American. 266 (3): 36–40. Bibcode:1993SciAm.266c..36H. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0393-36.
  7. ↑ Simmons, John (1996). The scientific 100 : a ranking of the most influential scientists, past and present. Secaucus, NY: Carol Publ. Group. ISBN 978-0806517490. Archived frae the original on 9 Julie 2017. Retrieved 26 Mey 2015.
  8. ↑ Rich, A. (1994). "Linus Pauling (1901–1994)". Nature. 371 (6495): 285. Bibcode:1994Natur.371..285R. doi:10.1038/371285a0. PMID 8090196.
  9. ↑ Gribbin, J (2002). The Scientists: A History of Science Told Through the Lives of Its Greatest Inventors. New York: Random House. pp. 558–569. ISBN 978-0812967883.
  10. ↑ Stone, Irwin (1982). The healing factor: "vitamin C" against disease. New York: Perigee Books. ISBN 978-0-399-50764-9.
  11. ↑ Offit, Paul (19 Julie 2013). "The Vitamin Myth: Why We Think We Need Supplements". The Atlantic. Retrieved 19 Julie 2013. Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  12. ↑ a b "Linus Pauling – Biographical". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 5 August 2007.
  13. ↑ "Nobel Prize Facts". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB. 2014. Retrieved 14 Januar 2017.