Mexican Drog War

Mexican Drog War
Pairt o the War on Drogs
Date11 December 2006 (2006-12-11) – ongaun
(18 years and 2 months)
LocationThroughout Mexico, with occasional spillover across internaitional borders intae Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, and California,[8][9] and intae the neighbouring kintras of El Salvador, Nicaragua, Belize and Guatemala an aw[10][11]
Status Ongoing
Belligerents

Mexico Mexico

  • Airmed Forces
  • Federal Police
  • CISEN
  • State an municeepal police forces
  • Self-defense groups[1]

Consulting and training support bi:
United States Unitit States through the Merida Initiative

Colombie Colombie through the Naitional Polis o Colombie

Cairtels:

Cairtels:

Supportit bi:

Cairtels:

Supportit by:

  • Logan Hichts Gang[7]Template:Circular reference
Commanders an leaders
Mexico Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador (2018–present)
Enrique Peña Nieto (2012–18)
Felipe Calderón (2006–12)
Guillermo Galván Galván (2006–12)
Salvador Cienfuegos Zepeda (2012–18)
Mariano Francisco Saynez Mendoza (2006–12)
Vidal Francisco Soberón Sanz (2012–18)
José Rafael Ojeda Durán (2018–present)		 Cairtels:
Ismael Zambada García (Fugitive)
Joaquín Guzmán Loera (Arrestit)[12]
Juan José Esparragoza Moreno (Fugitive)
Rafael Caro Quintero (Fugitive)
Gonzalo Inzunza Inzunza  †
Homero Cárdenas Guillén (possibly deid)
Ignacio Coronel Villarreal †
Antonio Cárdenas Guillén †
Jorge Eduardo Costilla Sánchez (Arrestit)
Nazario Moreno González †		 Cairtels:
Omar Treviño Morales (Arrestit)
Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano  †
Miguel Treviño Morales (Arrestit)
Arturo Beltrán Leyva  †
Héctor Beltrán Leyva (Arrested)
Vicente Carrillo Fuentes (Arrestit)		 Cairtels: Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes (Fugitive)
Érick Valencia Salazar (Fugitive)
Martín Arzola Ortega (Arrestit)
Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano (Arrestit)
Strenth

 Mexico

  • 260,000 soldiers[13]
  • 35,000 Federal Police[14]
 Cairtels:
100,000+ individuals[15][16][17]
Casualties an losses

Mexico:

395 servicemen killt and 137 missing,[18] 4,020 Federal, State, an Municeepal Polis killed[19]		 Cairtels:
12,456 cairtel members killed[20]
121,199 cairtel members detained[21]
8,500 cairtel members convictit[22]
Total casualties:
115,000 daiths frae organised crime homicides 2007 – 2018[23]

The Mexican Drog War (kent as the Mexican War on Drogs an aw; Spaingie: guerra contra el narcotráfico en México)[24] is an ongoing asymmetric[25][26] low-intensity conflict atween the Mexican govrenment and various drug trafficking syndicates. In 2006, whan the Mexican militar began intervenin, the govrenment's principal goal was tae reduce drug-related violence.[27] The Mexican govrenment haes assertit that their primary focus is on dismantlin the pouerfu drog cairtels, raither than on preventin drug trafficking an demand, whilk is left tae U.S. functionaries.[28][29]

Awtho Mexican drog trafficking organisations hae existit for seiveral decade, thair influence increased[30][31] efter the demise of the Colombie Cali and Medellín cartels in the 1990s. Mexican drug cartels nou dominates the wholesale illicit drog market an in 2007 controlliy 90% of the cocaine enterin the United States.[32][33] Arrests of key cairtel leaders, particularly in the Tijuana an Gulf cairtels, hae led tae increasing drog violence as cairtels fight for control of the trafficking routes intae the Unitit States.[34][35][36]

Federal law enforcement haes been reorganised at least five times syne 1982 in various attempts tae control corruption and reduce cartel violence. Durin that same period, thare haes been at least fower elite special forces creatit as new corruption-free sodgers wha coud dae battle wi Mexico's endemic bribery seestem.[37] Analysts estimate that wholesale earnins frae illicit drog sales range fraw $13.6 tae $49.4 billion annually.[32][38][39] The U.S. Congress passed legislation in late Juin 2008 tae provide Mexico with US$1.6 billion for the Mérida Initiative as well as technical advice tae strengthen the naitional juistice seestems. By the end of Felipe Calderón's admeenistration (December 1, 2006 – November 30, 2012), the offeecial daith toll o the Mexican Drog War wis at least 60,000.[40] Estimates set the daith toll abuin 120,000 killt by 2013, nae including 27,000 missing.[41][42] Syne takkin office, Andrés Manuel López Obrador declarit that the war wis ower; housomeiver, his comment wis met with criticism as homicide rates conteenad in heich nummers.

References

  1. ↑ "A Regional Strategy for Drug Wars in the Americas". Center for American Progress. Mairch 2010. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  2. ↑ "CCRKBA to Holder on ATF Scandal: 'Investigate and Fire, or Resign'". PR Newswire. 24 Februar 2011. Retrieved 26 Februar 2011.
  3. ↑ Wilkinson, Tracy (13 Mey 2012). "Dozens of Bodies, Many Mutilated, Dumped in Mexico". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 22 Mey 2012.
  4. ↑ "World Report 2012: Mexico". Human Rights Watch. 22 Januar 2012. Retrieved 22 Mey 2012.
  5. ↑ Lee, Roger. "The Mexican Drug War (2006–Present)". The History Guy. Retrieved 22 Mey 2012.
  6. ↑ Corcoran, Patrick (24 October 2011). "Release of Mexico Murder Stats Reveals Shifting Landscape". InSight. Archived frae the original on 21 Mairch 2012. Retrieved 22 Mey 2012. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ "4 De Diciembre De 2011 – Lomas De Sotelo, D.F." SEDENA Mexican National Defense Department. Archived frae the original on 16 Mairch 2012. Retrieved 22 Mey 2012. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ "Mexican cartels move beyond drugs, seek domination". MSNBC News. Associated Press. 4 August 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
  9. ↑ "'El Chapo' quería Ciudad Juárez". El Universal. 10 Mey 2016. Retrieved 17 Mey 2016.
  10. ↑ "Arma en guarida de 'El Chapo' sí es de Rápido y Furioso: EU". Milenio. Retrieved 16 Mairch 2016.
  11. ↑ Ahlers, Mike M. (26 Julie 2011). "ATF officials admit mistakes in Operation Fast and Furious gun program". CNN. Archived frae the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 26 Julie 2011.
  12. ↑ "Seventeen killed in Mexico drug battle". Reuters. 26 Apryle 2008.
  13. ↑ Hugh Holub (23 Februar 2011). "Inside ATF…an ugly picture …how many dead bodies are out there as a result of Project Gunrunner?". The Tucson Citizen. Archived frae the original on 23 Julie 2012. Retrieved 1 Mairch 2017. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  14. ↑ "Mexican drug cartels reinforce their fire power". El Universal. 24 Januar 2016. Retrieved 25 Januar 2016.
  15. ↑ Goodman, Colby; Marco, Michel (September 2010). "U.S. Firearms Trafficking to Mexico: New Data and Insights Illuminate Key Trends and Challenges" (PDF). Working Paper Series on U.S.-Mexico Security Cooperation. Archived frae the original (PDF) on 26 Apryle 2011. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  16. ↑ "Tráfico de armas, problema complejo y multifactorial: Sedena". Elfinanciero.com.mx. Retrieved 16 Mairch 2016.
  17. ↑ Castillo, Eduardo; Michelle Roberts (7 Mey 2009). "Mexico's weapons cache stymies tracing". The San Francisco Chronicle. Associated Press. Archived frae the original on 3 Julie 2009. Retrieved 9 Mey 2009. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  18. ↑ ""Matapolicías", arma preferida de la delincuencia". Eleconomista.com.mx. Archived frae the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 23 Apryle 2016.
  19. ↑ "At Mexico's Lone Gun Shop, Army Oversees Sales". NPR. 24 Juin 2009. Retrieved 28 Mairch 2011.
  20. ↑ Chew Sánchez, Martha (2011). "Paramilitarism and State – Terrorism in Mexico as a Case Study of Shrinking Functions of the Neoliberal State". Perspectives on Global Development & Technology.
  21. ↑ Chew Sánchez, M. I. (2014). "Paramilitarism and State-Terrorism in Mexico as a Case Study of Shrinking Functions of the Neoliberal State". Perspectives on Global Development & Technology.
  22. ↑ Marosi, Richard (9 August 2008). "Anti-drug general ousted". Los Angeles Times.
  23. ↑ The United States is undermining its own security Statesman.com, October 25, 2008 [deid airtin]
  24. ↑ "Mexico arrests 'Ugly Betty,' alleged leader of New Juarez Cartel". CNN.com. 2 September 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2013.
  25. ↑ Valdez, Cynthia (13 October 2012). "Asesinan en Sinaloa a presunto lugarteniente de "El Chapo". Milenio (in Spainish). Archived frae the original on 21 Mey 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2012. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  26. ↑ "The Narco Submarine". Vivirlatino.com. 17 Julie 2008. Archived frae the original on 2 Mairch 2009. Retrieved 29 Juin 2013. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  27. ↑ "Reuters -Mexico captures submarine loaded with drugs". Canada.com. 17 Julie 2008. Archived frae the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 28 Mairch 2011. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  28. ↑ "Secretaría de Marina – Noticias 18 de julio del 2008". Semar.gob.mx. 27 Julie 2010. Archived frae the original on 16 Julie 2011. Retrieved 28 Mairch 2011. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  29. ↑ Roig-Franzia, Manuel (11 Julie 2008). "Mexico Plan Adds Police To Take On Drug Cartels". Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 28 Mairch 2011.
  30. ↑ Carlesen, Laura (10 Februar 2012). "The Drug War's Invisible Victims". Borderland Beat. Retrieved 14 Februar 2012.
  31. ↑ Llana, Sara Miller (16 August 2009). "Briefing: How Mexico is waging war on drug cartels". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 20 August 2009.
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  33. ↑ "Mexican army kills Sinaloa cartel leader". Fox News. 13 October 2012. Archived frae the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 13 October 2012. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  34. ↑ "Ejército abate a Manuel Torres Félix, "El Ondeado", presunto líder del cártel de Sinaloa". La Vanguardia (in Spainish). 13 October 2012. Archived frae the original on 19 Mey 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2012. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
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  36. ↑ Washington Valdez, Diana (10 October 2012). "Chapo" Guzmán emerges as the big winner after Zetas leader's death". El Paso Times. Archived frae the original on 22 Januar 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2012. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  37. ↑ Kreider, Randy; Schone, Mark (9 October 2012). "Death of Zetas Leader Confirmed, But Body Now Missing". ABC News. Archived frae the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  38. ↑ Grant, Will (9 October 2012). "Mexico: Body of Zetas drug cartel leader Lazcano stolen". BBC News. Archived frae the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  39. ↑ "Zetas boss Heriberto Lazcano's death confirmed". The Guardian. Mexico City. 9 October 2012. Archived frae the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (help)
  40. ↑ Cave, Damien (11 Januar 2012). "Mexico Updates Death Toll in Drug War to 47,515, but Critics Dispute the Data". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  41. ↑ Siddique, Haroon (13 Januar 2011). "Mexico drug wars have killed 35,000 people in four years". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  42. ↑ "Mexican Drug War News: DEA Reveals Cartels Use Drones To Transport Drugs From Mexico Into US". Latin Times. 10 Julie 2014.
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  128. ↑ Anonymous, "Felipe Calderón denies Mexico is a failed state", The Telegraph, 26 February 2009.
  129. ↑ Birns, Larry; Michael Ramirez (1 Apryle 2009). "Time to Debate a Change in Washington's Failed Latin American Drug Policies". The Council on Hemispheric Affairs. Archived frae the original on 10 Juin 2009. Retrieved 13 Apryle 2009.
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  131. ↑ De Cordoba, Jose (12 Februar 2009). "Latin American Panel Calls U.S. Drug War a Failure". The Wall Street Journal.
  132. ↑ ""Te CIA helped kill DEA agent Enrique 'Kiki' Camarena," say witnesses". El País (Spain) (in Spanish). 15 October 2013. Archived frae the original on 23 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2013.CS1 maint: unrecognised leid (link)
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