Endosperm

Diagram showing how much of a kernel is made up of endosperm (83%) and where it is (in the centre)
What is in a wheat kenel

Endosperm is a food reserve tissue inside the seeds of most flowering plants. It surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition in the form of starch. It may also have oils and protein.

The endosperm of cereal plants can be a source of energy for humans. Wheat endosperm is ground into flour for bread. With whole wheat bread the bran (cover of seed) and the germ is also in the flour. Barley endosperm is the main source for beer production. Other examples of edible endosperms are coconut 'meat' and coconut 'water',[1] and corn, including popcorn. Some plants, like the orchids, lack endosperm in their seeds.

Origin of endosperm

Primitive (basal) flowering plants have seeds with small embryos and big endosperms. The evolutionary development of flowering plants tends to show a trend towards plants with seeds with little or no endosperm. In more derived flowering plants the embryo occupies most of the seed and the endosperm is not developed or consumed before the seed matures. In these plants, the cotyledons contain the food reserve.[2][3][4]

Double fertilization

Endosperm is formed when the two sperm nuclei inside a pollen grain reach the inside of an ovule or embryo sac. One sperm nucleus fertilizes the egg, forming a zygote, while the other sperm nucleus usually fuses with the two polar nuclei at the center of the embryo sac. This makes the first endosperm cell, which develops into the endosperm. Because it is formed by a separate fertilization, the endosperm is an organism distinct from the embryo (though placed next to it in the seed).

About 70% of angiosperm species have endosperm cells that are polyploid.[5] These are typically triploid (containing three sets of chromosomes) but can vary widely from diploid (2n) to 15n.[6]

References

  1. ↑ Armstrong, W. P. "Edible Palm Fruits". Palomar College. Archived from the original on 2 September 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
  2. ↑ "The Seed Biology Place - Seed Dormancy". www.seedbiology.de.
  3. ↑ Friedman, William E. (1998), "The evolution of double fertilization and endosperm: an historical perspective", Sexual Plant Reproduction, 11: 6–16, doi:10.1007/s004970050114, S2CID 19785565
  4. ↑ Stebbins, G. Ledyard 1974. Flowering plants: evolution above the species level. Harvard University Press. 307/8. ISBN 0-674-30685-6
  5. ↑ Olsen, Odd-Arne (2007). Endosperm: Developmental and Molecular Biology. Springer. p. 2. ISBN 978-3-540-71234-3.
  6. ↑ "Genome Biology". Genome Biology.