Islamic State of Iraq

Islamic State of Iraq
دَوْلَةُ الْعِرَاقِ الِاسْلَامِيَّةِ
ad-Dawlah al-Islāmīyyah fī 'l-ʿIrāq
LeadersAbu Omar al-Baghdadi † (2006–2010) Leader
Abu Ayyub al-Masri † (2006–2010) War Minister and Prime Minister
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi † (2010–2013) Leader
Dates of operation15 October 2006 – 8 April 2013[2]
Merger of
  • Mujahideen Shura Council
  • Al-Qaeda in Iraq
  • Jama'at Jaish Ahl al-Sunnah wal-Jama`ah
  • Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah
Active regionsMap – refer to following caption
Map of the Islamic State of Iraq and its provinces on 7th of April, 2007
IdeologySalafism

Anti-Shi'ism[4]

Qutbism
Allies Al-Qaeda[5][6] (until 2013)
Opponents Multi-National Force – Iraq
Iraq
  • Iraqi Kurdistan
  • Shia militias
  • Awakening Councils
  • Islamic Army in Iraq (sometimes)
  • Naqshbandi Army (sometimes)
 Syria[7]

Syrian opposition Free Syrian Army (Some groups)
Autonomous Administration of North and East SyriaIraqi Kurdistan Kurdish Supreme Committee and allied groups

  • People's Protection Units (YPG)
  • Women's Protection Units (YPJ)
  • Asayish
  • Syriac Military Council (MFS)
  • Sutoro
Battles and warsIraqi insurgency (2003–2011)
  • Ramadan Offensive (2006)
  • Islamic Army–Al-Qaeda conflict
  • Battle of Haifa Street
  • Operation Imposing Law
  • Operation Phantom Thunder
  • Battle of Baqubah
  • Diyala campaign
  • Operation Phantom Phoenix
  • Operation Phantom Strike
  • 2008 Abu Kamal raid

Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)

  • Akashat ambush

Syrian Civil War

  • Deir ez-Zor clashes (2011–14)
  • Raqqa campaign (2012–13)
    • Battle of Raqqa
  • Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012–13)
  • 2012–13 escalation of the Syrian Civil War
  • Battle of Aleppo (2012–2016)
Designated as a terrorist group by Iraq[8]
 Malaysia[9]
Preceded by
Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah (2004–2006)[10]
Jama'at Jaish Ahl al-Sunnah wal-Jama`ah (2004–2006)
Al-Qaeda in Iraq (2004–2006)[11]
Mujahideen Shura Council (2006)
Succeeded by
 Islamic State in Iraq and Syria
Part of a series on
Jihadism
Practices and concepts
Islamic fundamentalism
Notable jihadist organisations
Jihadism in Africa
  • Boko Haram insurgency
  • Insurgency in Cabo Delgado
  • Insurgency in the Maghreb and Sahel
Jihadism in Asia
Jihadism in the West
  • Islamic terrorism in Europe
    • Islamic terrorism in the Balkans
  • Islamism in the United Kingdom
  • Jihadist extremism in the United States
  • Foreign fighters in Bosnia
    • Bosnian mujahideen
  • Foreign fighters in Syria and Iraq
  • Homegrown terrorism
  • Jihadi tourism

The Islamic State of Iraq (ISI; Arabic: دَوْلَةُ الْعِرَاقِ الِاسْلَامِيَّةِ Dawlat al-ʿIrāq al-ʾIslāmiyyah) was a Salafi jihadist militant organization that fought the forces of the U.S.-led coalition during the Iraqi insurgency. The organization aimed to overthrow the Iraqi federal government and establish an Islamic state ruled by Sharia law in Iraq.

Islamic State of Iraq traces its origins to Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (JTJ) group, which was formed by the Jordanian national Abu Musab al-Zarqawi in Jordan in 1999.

References

  1. ↑ Gander, Kashmira (7 July 2015). "Isis flag: What do the words mean and what are its origins?". The Independent.
  2. ↑ Haroro Ingram; Craig Whiteside; Charlie Winter (March 2020). "The Declaration of the Islamic State in Iraq and Sham". The ISIS Reader: Milestone Texts of the Islamic State Movement. Oxford University Press. pp. 149–160. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197501436.003.0007. ISBN 978-0-19-750143-6.
  3. ↑ "Islamic State: The Changing Face of Modern Jihadism" (PDF). Quilliam Foundation. November 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hassan Hassan (13 June 2016). "The Sectarianism of the Islamic State: Ideological Roots and Political Context". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  5. ↑ Caillet, Romain (27 December 2013). "The Islamic State: Leaving al-Qaeda Behind". Carnegie Middle East Center. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017.
  6. ↑ Zelin, Aaron Y. (June 2014). The War between ISIS and al-Qaeda for Supremacy of the Global Jihadist Movement (PDF). Research Notes (Report). Vol. 20. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2023. On October 15, a statement titled "Announcing the Establishment of the Islamic State of Iraq" was released by Muharib al-Juburi, ISI's new information minister. And on November 10, AQI's replacement for Zarqawi, Abu Hamza al-Muhajir, pledged baya to the newly appointed leader of ISI, Abu Omar al-Baghdadi. ... Zarqawi's death invalidated MSM's implied pledge to bin Ladin. This means that, in effect, the group and its subsequent incarnations have not technically been subordinate to al-Qaeda in eight years.
  7. ↑ "Al Qaeda claims killing of 48 Syrian soldiers in Iraq". France 24. 2013-03-11. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
  8. ↑ "محكمة عراقية تحكم بإعدام عضوين بتنظيم "دولة العراق الإسلامية"". 23 June 2013.
  9. ↑ http://www.moha.gov.my/images/maklumat_bahagian/KK/kdndomestic.pdf Archived 2022-10-09 at ghostarchive.org [Error: unknown archive URL] [bare URL PDF]
  10. ↑ Zelin, Aaron Y. (June 2014). The War between ISIS and al-Qaeda for Supremacy of the Global Jihadist Movement (PDF). Research Notes (Report). Vol. 20. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
  11. ↑ Zelin, Aaron Y. (June 2014). The War between ISIS and al-Qaeda for Supremacy of the Global Jihadist Movement (PDF). Research Notes (Report). Vol. 20. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2023.