Murmansk
Murmansk (Russian: Му́рманск) is a port city in northwestern Russia. It is located within the Murmansk Oblast. As of 2019, the city has a population of 292,465 people.
History
The first Murmansk settlement was founded in 1915. It was founded during World War I so Russia's allies could send supplies to a port that wasn't blocked by ice as Archangelsk and Saint Petersburg were.[1] The location soon had a naval base and port. The settlement became an official city in 1916, and was named Romanov-on-Murman (Russian: Рома́нов-на-Му́рмане, Romanov-na-Murmane). The city was given it's current name on 16 April 1917.[2]
From 1918 to 1920, during the Russian Civil War, the city was occupied by the White army and the Triple Entente.
During World War II, the city was an important link to the Western world for the Soviet Union. They traded supplies during the war. In 1941, the German and Finnish forces launched Operation Silver Fox with the goal of capturing Murmansk. The Soviets defeated the invaders, but Murmansk suffered a lot of destruction.[3]
Murmansk is headquarters of the Northern Fleet of the Russian Navy. During the Cold War it was a center for Soviet submarine activity.
In 1974, a large 36 meter (118 feet) tall monument was built in the city. It is called the Alyosha Monument. It was built in remembrance of all who fought for Murmansk in World War II. On 6 May 1985, Murmansk was formally called a Hero City (which is a title awarded to cities in the Soviet Union that performed outstanding heroism during WW2).[4]
The Arctic Hotel opened in 1984, and became the tallest building above the Arctic Circle.
Economy
The main industries in Murmansk are fishing, sea transport, rail and road transportation, marine geology, etc.
Demographics
The city's population has been shrinking since 1992. At it's peak, the city had a population of around 489,000 people in 1989. Between 1989 and 1992, more than 28,000 people left the city. This was because of the sudden deterioration in the economic situation.[5]
According to the 2010 census, the ethnic composition is:[6]
- Russian : 89.6%
- Ukrainian : 4.6%
- Belarusian : 1.6%
- Tatar : 0.8%
- others : 3.4%
In 2016, 16.5% of the population was under 15 years of age, while 54.7% was between 16 and 56, and 28.7% of the population was older than 56.[7] This means that the city has a older population compared to the entire Murmansk Oblast.
Climate
Murmansk has a subarctic climate. This means that the city has long and cold winters and short, cool summers. Murmansk is above the arctic circle, so the city experiences polar nights.
| Climate data for Murmansk | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 7.0 (44.6) |
6.6 (43.9) |
9.0 (48.2) |
16.9 (62.4) |
29.4 (84.9) |
30.8 (87.4) |
32.9 (91.2) |
29.1 (84.4) |
24.2 (75.6) |
15.0 (59.0) |
9.6 (49.3) |
7.2 (45.0) |
32.9 (91.2) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −6.8 (19.8) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
2.6 (36.7) |
7.6 (45.7) |
13.6 (56.5) |
17.3 (63.1) |
14.9 (58.8) |
10.0 (50.0) |
3.6 (38.5) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
3.8 (38.8) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −12.8 (9.0) |
−12.8 (9.0) |
−8.6 (16.5) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
1.1 (34.0) |
5.7 (42.3) |
9.2 (48.6) |
8.0 (46.4) |
4.5 (40.1) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
−7.1 (19.2) |
−11.2 (11.8) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −39.4 (−38.9) |
−38.6 (−37.5) |
−32.6 (−26.7) |
−21.7 (−7.1) |
−10.4 (13.3) |
−2.5 (27.5) |
1.7 (35.1) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−21.2 (−6.2) |
−30.5 (−22.9) |
−35.0 (−31.0) |
−39.4 (−38.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 30 (1.18) |
22 (0.87) |
23 (0.91) |
24 (0.94) |
36 (1.42) |
53 (2.09) |
70 (2.76) |
61 (2.40) |
52 (2.05) |
51 (2.01) |
38 (1.50) |
34 (1.34) |
494 (19.45) |
| Average rainy days | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.7 | 3 | 9 | 17 | 20 | 21 | 19 | 8 | 1 | 0.4 | 99.5 |
| Average snowy days | 23 | 21 | 20 | 14 | 7 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 | 9 | 19 | 24 | 138 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 3 | 33 | 122 | 182 | 192 | 228 | 236 | 154 | 89 | 47 | 7 | 0 | 1,293 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[8] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[9] | |||||||||||||
References
- ↑ Administrative-Territorial Division of Murmansk Oblast, p. 24
- ↑ Administrative-Territorial Division of Murmansk Oblast, pp. 60–63
- ↑ Газета «Вечерний Мурманск» Выпуск № 93 от 28 мая 2005 Archived 2016-06-20 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- ↑ "Nature Administrative-territorial system". 2004.murman.ru. 1916-10-04. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ↑ "Мурманск" (в энциклопедии «Мой Город»). Archived from the original on 2012-02-24. Retrieved 2017-07-04. (in Russian)
- ↑ Распределение населения Мурманской бласти по наиболее многочисленным национальностям по муниципальным образованиям Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
- ↑ "Официальная статистика \ Население". Официальная статистика \ Население. Archived from the original on 2016-10-14. Retrieved 2017-07-04. (in Russian)
- ↑ "Климат Мурманска". Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved 31 August 2016.
- ↑ "Murmansk Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
Other websites
- Official website of Murmansk (in Russian)
- News of Murmansk Archived 2008-04-08 at the Wayback Machine
- Interactive map of Murmansk Archived 2017-05-15 at the Wayback Machine
- Barentsnova.com, Murmansk business news, statistics
- Murmansk's gorgeous garages — a photo journal by BBC news journalist Jorn Madslien
- Video overview of Murmansk in English, 4½ minutes, 2009
- British North Russian Expeditionary Force 1918–1919 (based at Murmansk)
- "Big-dollar deals tempt Arctic firms" BBC article on the energy industry's effect on Murmansk