Methamphetamine

Methamphetamine
An image of the methamphetamine compound
Jina la (IUPAC)
(RS)-N-methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-amine
Data ya kikliniki
Majina ya kibiashara Desoxyn, Methedrine, mengineyo
AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph
Taarifa za leseni US FDA:link
Kategoria ya ujauzito C(US)
Hali ya kisheria Controlled (S8) (AU) Schedule I (CA) ? (UK) Schedule II (US)
Uwezekano wa uraibu Kimwili: Hakuna; Kisaikolojia: Juu
Njia mbalimbali za matumizi Kwa mdomo
Data ya utendakazi
Uingiaji katika mzunguko wa mwili Kwa mdomo: 70%[1]
IV: 100%[1]
Kufunga kwa protini Inatofautiana kwa kiasi kikubwa[2]
Kimetaboliki CYP2D6[3][4] na FMO3[5][6]
Nusu uhai Masaa 5–30 [7]
Utoaji wa uchafu Kimsingi figo
Vitambulisho
Nambari ya ATC ?
Visawe N-methylamphetamine, N,α-dimethylphenethylamine, desoxyephedrine
Data ya kikemikali
Fomyula C10H15N 
Data ya kimwili
Kiwango cha kuyeyuka 170 °C (338 °F) [8]
Kiwango cha kuchemka 212 °C (414 °F) inapofikia 760 mmHg[8]
 YesY(Hiki ni nini?)  (thibitisha)

Methamphetamine [note 1] ni kichocheo cha mfumo mkuu wa neva (CNS) ambacho hutumika hasa kama dawa ya kulevya na mara chache sana katika kutibu ugonjwa wa upungufu wa tahadhari, Nakolepsia (ugonjwa wa usingizi wa ghafla) na unene uliokithiri.[12] Matumizi yake kwa unene uliokithiri hayapendekezwi tena. Inapochukuliwa kwa mdomo, athari zake huanza ndani ya dakika 30 na zinaweza kudumu hadi masaa 24.[13][9]

Madhara yake ya kawaida ni pamoja na shinikizo la juu la damu, mapigo ya moyo yasiyo ya kawaida, kuinua hali ya mhemko, matatizo ya kulala, kutetemeka, kuhara na matatizo ya ngono. Madhara yake mengine yanaweza kujumuisha hisia zisizo za kweli (psychosis), hali ya msisimko wa kupindukia (mania), kifafa, joto la juu la mwili, na mishtuko ya misuli isiyo ya hiari (tics).[13] Kuna hatari kubwa ya unyanyasaji; ingawa vifo vinavyohisiana moja kwa moja na matumizi yake ni nadra.[13] Matumizi yake wakati wa ujauzito yanaweza kumdhuru mtoto na kunyonyesha baada ya kuitumia hakupendekezwi.[13] Dawa hii ni katika familia ya ya madawa ya amfetamini.[13]

Methamphetamine iligunduliwa mwaka wa 1893 na ilitengenezwa kwa mara ya kwanza mwaka wa 1919. Mara nyingi hutengenezwa katika vituo visivyo halali nchini Marekani na Mashariki ya Mbali.[9] Kwa burudani, inaweza kumezwa, kukoromwa, kudungwa au kuvutwa kama sigara.[9] Imeainishwa kama dutu inayodhibitiwa na Ratiba II.[9] Uzalishaji, usambazaji na umiliki wa methamphetamine umezuiwa au umepigwa marufuku katika nchi nyingi. Katika Ulaya. iligharimu takriban Euro 17 hadi 64 kwa gramu kwa usambazaji haramu kufikia mwaka wa 2018. Takriban watu milioni 27 walitumia amfetamini, nyingi zaidi ya methamphetamine, mwaka wa 2019.

Marejeo

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rau T, Ziemniak J, Poulsen D (2015). "The neuroprotective potential of low-dose methamphetamine in preclinical models of stroke and traumatic brain injury". Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry. 64: 231–6. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.02.013. PMID 25724762. In humans, the oral bioavailability of methamphetamine is approximately 70% but increases to 100% following intravenous (IV) delivery (Ares-Santos et al., 2013).
  2. ↑ "Toxicity". Methamphetamine. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2015-01-04. Iliwekwa mnamo 2021-10-25. {cite encyclopedia}: |work= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ Sellers EM, Tyndale RF (2000). "Mimicking gene defects to treat drug dependence". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 909 (1): 233–246. Bibcode:2000NYASA.909..233S. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06685.x. PMID 10911933. S2CID 27787938. Methamphetamine, a central nervous system stimulant drug, is p-hydroxylated by CYP2D6 to less active p-OH-methamphetamine.
  4. ↑ "Adderall XR Prescribing Information" (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. Shire US Inc. Desemba 2013. ku. 12–13. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka (PDF) kutoka chanzo mnamo 30 Desemba 2013. Iliwekwa mnamo 30 Desemba 2013.{cite web}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) Archived 30 Desemba 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ↑ Krueger SK, Williams DE (Juni 2005). "Mammalian flavin-containing monooxygenases: structure/function, genetic polymorphisms and role in drug metabolism". Pharmacol. Ther. 106 (3): 357–387. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.01.001. PMC 1828602. PMID 15922018.{cite journal}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
    Table 5: N-containing drugs and xenobiotics oxygenated by FMO Archived 16 Septemba 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ↑ Cashman JR, Xiong YN, Xu L, Janowsky A (Machi 1999). "N-oxygenation of amphetamine and methamphetamine by the human flavin-containing monooxygenase (form 3): role in bioactivation and detoxication". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 288 (3): 1251–1260. PMID 10027866.{cite journal}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  7. ↑ Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, Beasley DM (Agosti 2010). "The clinical toxicology of metamfetamine". Clinical Toxicology. 48 (7): 675–694. doi:10.3109/15563650.2010.516752. ISSN 1556-3650. PMID 20849327. S2CID 42588722.{cite journal}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Chemical and Physical Properties". Methamphetamine. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2015-01-04. Iliwekwa mnamo 2021-10-25. {cite encyclopedia}: |work= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Cite warning: <ref> tag with name EMC2021 cannot be previewed because it is defined outside the current section or not defined at all.
  10. ↑ "Identification". Methamphetamine. University of Alberta. 8 Februari 2013. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 28 Desemba 2015. Iliwekwa mnamo 25 Oktoba 2021. {cite encyclopedia}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  11. ↑ "Methedrine (methamphetamine hydrochloride): Uses, Symptoms, Signs and Addiction Treatment". Addictionlibrary.org. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 4 Machi 2016. Iliwekwa mnamo 16 Januari 2016.{cite web}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) Archived 4 Machi 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ↑ Yu S, Zhu L, Shen Q, Bai X, Di X (Machi 2015). "Recent advances in methamphetamine neurotoxicity mechanisms and its molecular pathophysiology". Behav. Neurol. 2015: 103969. doi:10.1155/2015/103969. PMC 4377385. PMID 25861156. In 1971, METH was restricted by US law, although oral METH (Ovation Pharmaceuticals) continues to be used today in the USA as a second-line treatment for a number of medical conditions, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and refractory obesity.{cite journal}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Cite warning: <ref> tag with name AHFS2021 cannot be previewed because it is defined outside the current section or not defined at all.

Preview of references

  1. ↑ Synonyms and brands include: N-methylamphetamine, desoxyephedrine, Syndrox, Methedrine, and Desoxyn.[9][10][11] Slang terms include: speed, crank, meth, crystal meth, pervitin, yaba, and shabu