Digmaang Taglamig
| Digmaang Taglamig | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bahagi ng ang Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Mga nakipagdigma | |||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Mga kumander at pinuno | |||||||||
 Kyösti Kallio Risto Ryti C.G.E. Mannerheim |
 Joseph Stalin Kirill Meretskov Kliment Voroshilov Semyon Timoshenko[F 1] | ||||||||
| Lakas | |||||||||
|
300,000–340,000 kawal[F 2] 32 na tanke[F 3] 114 sasakyang panghimpapawid[F 4] |
425,000–760,000 kawal[F 5] 2,514–6,541 na tanke[F 6] 3,880 na sasakyang panghimpapawid[14] | ||||||||
| Mga nasawi at pinsala | |||||||||
|
25,904 patay o nawawala[15] 43,557 sugatan[16] 800–1,100 nabilanggo[17] 20–30 na tanke 62 na sasakyang panghimpapawid[kailangan ng sanggunian] 1 armadong tagasira ng yelo ang nasira Ladoga Destakamentong Pandagat ng Pinlandes binigay sa Unyong Sobyet 70,000 kabuuang nasawi |
126,875–167,976 patay o nawawala[18][19][20][21] 188,671–207,538 sugatan o nagkasakit[18][19] (ikasama ang mahigit 61,506 na may sakit o nagyelo[22]) 5,572 nabilanggo[23] 1,200–3,543 na tanke[24][25][26] 261–515 na sasakyang panghimpapawid[26][27] 321,000–381,000 kabuuang nasawi | ||||||||
Ang Digmaang Taglamig (Pinlandes: talvisota, Suweko: vinterkriget, Ruso: Зи́мняя война́, tr. Zimnyaya voyna)[28] ay isang digmaan sa pagitan ng Unyong Sobyet at Pinlandya noong 1939–1940. Nagsimula ito nang lusubin ng Unyong Sobyet ang Pinlandya noong Nobyembre 30, 1939 (tatlong buwan pagkatapos ng simula ng Ikalawang Digmaang Pandaigdig), at natapos sa Kasunduan ng Kapayapaan sa Moscow noong Marso 13, 1940. Dineklara ng Liga ng mga Bansa ang paglusob na ilegal at pinalayas ang Unyong Sobyet mula sa Liga noong Disyembre 14, 1939.[29]
Inaangkin noon ng Unyong Sobyet ang mga teritoryo ng Pinlandya, kasama rito ang pag-urong ng hangganan ng Pinlandya palayo, pangunahin na para protektahan ang Leningrad, na 32 kilometro lamang ang layo mula sa hangganan ng Pinalndya.[30][31][32] Tumanggi ang Pinlandya kaya lumusob ang USSR. Maraming akda ang nagsasabi na nilayon ng Unyong Sobyet na sakupin ang buong Finland,[33][34][35][36][37][38] ngunit may mga akda rin na nagsasabi ng kabaligtaran.[39][40][41]
Mas maraming sundalo (tatlong beses), eroplano (tatlumpung beses), at tanke (isangdaan beses) ang mga Sobyet kaysa sa mga Pinlandes, ngunit ang hukbo ng Unyong Sobyet ay lubhang humina dahil sa Great Purge ni Joseph Stalin noong 1937.[42] Umabot sa mahigit tatlumpung libong mga opisyal ng hukbo ang naalis sa pwesto nila, binitay man o ipinakulong, kaya karamihan sa mga opisyal ng Hukbong Pula ay kulang sa kasanayan.[43][44] Dagdag rito ang mataas na morale at magandang liderato ng hukbo ng Pinlandya, kaya nagawa nilang mapigilan ang mga paglusob ng Unyong Sobyet sa loob ng maraming buwan.[45]
Ngunit dahil sa inayos muli ang organisasyon ng Hukbong Pula, nagawang makalampas sa mga hangganan ang mga puwersa ng Unyong Sobyet. Dahil dito, pumayag ang Finland na magsuko pa ng higit na lupain kaysa sa hinihingi ng Unyong Sobyet noong 1939. Tinanggap ito ng mga Sobyet dahil sa dami ng mga nasawi sa kanilang panig.
Tumigil ang labanan noong Marso 1940 nang malagdaan ang Kasunduan ng Kapayapaan sa Mosku. Sinuko ng Pinlandya ang aabot sa 11% ng lupain nito at 30% ng ekonomiya nito sa Unyong Sobyet.[46] Napakalaki ng nawala ng Unyong Sobyet, kaya humina ang reputasyon nito sa ibang bansa.[47] Nakakuha sila ng malaking teritoryo sa lugar ng Lawa ng Ladoga at lupain sa Hilagang Finland, anupat nagbigay ng hight na lupain sa paligid ng lungsod ng Leningrad.[48] Napanatili ng Pinlandya ang kalayaan nito at napaganda pa ang reputasyon nito.
Mga Nota
- ↑ Edwards (2006), p. 93
- ↑ Edwards (2006), p. 125
- ↑ Manninen (2008), p. 14
- ↑ Trotter (2002), p. 204
- ↑ Palokangas (1999), pp. 299–300
- ↑ Juutilainen & Koskimaa (2005), p. 83
- ↑ Palokangas (1999), p. 318
- ↑ Peltonen (1999)
- ↑ Meltiukhov (2000): ch. 4, Table 10
- ↑ Krivosheyev (1997), p. 63
- ↑ Kilin (1999), p. 383
- ↑ Manninen (1994), p. 43
- ↑ Kantakoski (1998), p. 260
- ↑ Trotter (2002), p. 187
- ↑ Kurenmaa and Lentilä (2005), p. 1152
- ↑ Lentilä and Juutilainen (1999), p. 821
- ↑ Malmi (1999), p. 792
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Krivosheyev (1997), pp. 77–78
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Kilin (2007b), p. 91
- ↑ Petrov (2013)
- ↑ Sokolov (2000), p. 340
- ↑ Krivosheyev, Table 100
- ↑ Manninen (1999b), p. 815
- ↑ Kilin (1999) p. 381
- ↑ Kantakoski (1998), p. 286
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Manninen (1999b), pp. 810–811
- ↑ Kilin (1999), p. 381
- ↑ Ang mga pangalang Soviet–Finnish War 1939–1940 (Ruso: Сове́тско-финская война́ 1939–1940) at Soviet–Finland War 1939–1940 (Ruso: Сове́тско-финляндская война́ 1939–1940) ay madalas gamitin sa Pagsusulat sa kasaysayan ng Rusya. Maaaring tignan ang sumusunod:
Baryshnikov, N.; Salomaa, E. (2005), Вовлечение Финляндии во Вторую Мировую войну, sa Chernov, M. (pat.), Крестовый поход на Россию [Krusada laban sa Rusya] (sa wikang Ruso), Moscow: Yauza, ISBN 5-87849-171-0, inarkibo mula sa orihinal noong 2008-11-06, nakuha noong 2015-01-30
{citation}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (tulong); Padron:Cite citation; Shirokorad, A. (2001), "IX: Зимняя война 1939–1940 гг. [Winter War 1939-1940]", Северные войны России (sa wikang Ruso), Moscow: ACT, ISBN 5-17-009849-9{citation}: Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (tulong) - ↑ "League of Nations' Expulsion of the U.S.S.R." League of Nations. 14 December 1939. Nakuha noong 24 July 2009.
- ↑ Trotter (2002), p. 15
- ↑ Edwards (2006), pp. 28–29
- ↑ Lightbody (2004), p. 52
- ↑ Manninen (2008), pp. 37, 42, 43, 46, 49
- ↑ Kamalian ng Lua na sa Module:Citation/CS1 na nasa linyang 1703: attempt to index field '?' (a nil value).
- ↑ Ravasz, István (2003). "Finnország függetlenségi harca 1917–1945, Magyar önkéntesek Finnországban (Finland's struggle for independence from 1917 to 1945, Hungarian volunteers in Finland)" (PDF) (sa wikang Unggaro). Wysocki Légió Hagyományőrző Egyesületnek. p. 3. Inarkibo mula sa orihinal (PDF) noong 2017-10-20. Nakuha noong 2015-01-30.
- ↑ Clemmesen, Michael H.; Faulkner, Marcus, mga pat. (2013). Northern European Overture to War, 1939–1941: From Memel to Barbarossa. Brill. p. 76. ISBN 978-90-04-24908-0.
- ↑ Zeiler, Thomas W.; DuBois, Daniel M., mga pat. (2012). A Companion to World War II. Wiley Blackwell Companions to World History. Bol. 11. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 210. ISBN 978-1-4051-9681-9.
- ↑ Reiter (2009), p. 124
- ↑ Chubaryan (2000), p. xvi
- ↑ Trotter (2002), p. 17
- ↑ Lightbody (2004), p. 55
- ↑ Bullock (1993), p. 489
- ↑ Glanz (1998), p. 58
- ↑ Ries (1988), p. 56
- ↑ Ries (1988), pp. 79–80
- ↑ Edwards (2006), p. 18
- ↑ Edwards (2006), pp. 272–273
- ↑ VanDyke (1997), pp. 189-190
Mga Pinagkunan
- Trotter, William R. (2002) [1991]. The Winter War: The Russo–Finnish War of 1939–40 (ika-5th (na) edisyon). New York (Great Britain: London): Workman Publishing Company (Great Britain: Aurum Press). ISBN 1-85410-881-6.
First published in the United States under the title A Frozen Hell: The Russo–Finnish Winter War of 1939–40
- Edwards, Robert (2006). White Death: Russia's War on Finland 1939–40. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-84630-7.
- Lightbody, Bradley (2004). The Second World War: Ambitions to Nemesis. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-22404-7.
- Manninen, Ohto (2008). Miten Suomi valloitetaan: Puna-armeijan operaatiosuunnitelmat 1939–1944 (sa wikang Pinlandes). Helsinki: Edita. ISBN 978-951-37-5278-1. (How to conquer Finland: Operational plans of the Red Army 1939–1944)
- Reiter, Dan (2009). How Wars End (ika-illustrated (na) edisyon). Princeton University Press. ISBN 069114060X. Nakuha noong 29 October 2010.
- Chubaryan, A. (2002). "Foreword". Sa Kul'kov, E.; Rzheshevskii, O.; Shukman, H. (mga pat.). Stalin and the Soviet-Finnish War, 1939–1940. London: Frank Cass. ISBN 978-0-7146-5203-0.
- Bullock, Alan (1993). Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives. Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-679-72994-5.
- Glanz, David (1998). Stumbling Colossus: The Red Army on the Eve of World War. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-0879-9.
- Ries, Tomas (1988). Cold Will: The Defense of Finland (ika-1st (na) edisyon). London: Brassey's Defence Publishers. ISBN 0-08-033592-6.
- Van Dyke, Carl (1997). The Soviet Invasion of Finland, 1939–40. Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-4314-9.
Pasilip ng sanggunian
- ↑ Commander of the Leningrad Military District Kiril Meretskov initially ran the overall operation against the Finns.[1] The command was passed on 9 December 1939 to the General Staff Supreme Command (later known as Stavka), directly under Kliment Voroshilov (chairman), Nikolai Kuznetsov, Joseph Stalin and Boris Shaposhnikov.[2][3] In January 1940, the Leningrad Military District was reformed and renamed "North-Western Front". Semyon Timoshenko was chosen Army Commander to break the Mannerheim Line.[4]
- ↑ At the beginning of the war, the Finns had 300,000 soldiers. The Finnish Army had only 250,028 rifles (total 281,594 firearms), but White Guards brought their own rifles (over 114,000 rifles, total 116,800 firearms) to the war. The Finnish Army reached its maximum strength at the beginning of March 1940 with 346,000 soldiers in uniform.[5][6]
- ↑ From 1919 onwards, the Finns possessed 32 French Renault FT tanks and few lighter tanks. These were unsuitable for the war and they were subsequently used as fixed pillboxes. The Finns bought 32 British Vickers 6-Ton tanks during 1936–39, but without weapons. Weapons were intended to be manufactured and installed in Finland. Only 10 tanks were fit for combat at the beginning of the conflict.[7]
- ↑ On 1 December 1939 the Finns had 114 combat aeroplanes fit for duty and seven aeroplanes for communication and observation purposes. Almost 100 aeroplanes were used for flight training purposes, not suitable for combat, or under repair. In total, the Finns had 173 aircraft and 43 reserve aircraft.[8]
- ↑ [9] 550,757 soldiers on 1 January 1940 and 760,578 soldiers by the beginning of March.[10] In the Leningrad Military District, 1,000,000 soldiers[11] and 20 divisions one month before the war and 58 divisions two weeks before its end.[12]
- ↑ At the beginning of the war the Soviets had 2,514 tanks and 718 armoured cars. The main battlefield was the Karelian Isthmus where the Soviets deployed 1,450 tanks. At the end of the war the Soviets had 6,541 tanks and 1,691 armoured cars. The most common tank type was T-26, but also BT type was very common.[13]