بانیان مذاہب
قدیم (500 قبل مسیحی سے بیشتر)
نام | مذہب | قومیت | بانی کی زندگی |
---|---|---|---|
زرتشت | زرتشتیت | اوستائی زبان ایرانی/آریہ | c. 10th to 6ویں صدی BC[1][n 1] |
Parshvanatha | The penultimate (23rd) تیرتھنکر in جین مت | بھارتی شہری | 877 ق م – 777 BC[2][3][4][5][6] |
بخت نصر | built the Etemenanki، established Marduk as the patron deity of بابل | آموری | 6ویں صدی BC[حوالہ درکار] |
مہاویر | The final (24th) تیرتھنکر in جین مت | ہندوستانی | 599 ق م – 527 BC[7][8][9] |
گوتم بدھ | بدھ مت | Indian/Nepali | 563 ق م – 483 BC[حوالہ درکار] |
کنفیوشس | کنفیوشس مت | چینی | 551 ق م – 479 BC[حوالہ درکار] |
فیثاغورث | فیثاغورثیت | ساموس | fl. 520 BC |
موزی | مؤیت | چینی | 470 ق م – 390 BC |
عزرا | ہیکل دوم کی یہودیت[10] | Levite یہودیہ، کاہن |
fl. 459 BC[n 2] |
Epicurus | Epicureanism | ساموس | fl. 307 BC |
Zeno of Citium | رواقیت | possibly فونیقیn,[11] albeit a Greek national |
333 ق م – 264 BC |
Pharnavaz I of Iberia | Armazi | Georgian | 326 ق م – 234 BC |
Patanjali | Rāja yoga | ہندوستانی | 2nd century BC |
یسوع مسیح اور حواری | مسیحیت | Galilean/Judean | c. 4 ق م – c. 30 AD |
پولس | Pauline Christianity | Judean, albeit a Roman citizen | c. 33 AD |
James the Just | یہودی مسیحیity | Judean | c. 33 AD |
Judah the Prince | ربیائی یہودیت | Judean, آل داؤد | 2nd century AD |
Montanus | Montanism | Phrygian | 2nd century AD |
مرقیون | Marcionism | Pontic Greek | 110–160 |
ناگ ارجن | Madhyamaka | تیلگو زبان Dravidian | 150–250 |
Plotinus | نو افلاطونیت | may have been of Roman,[12] Greek,[13] or Hellenized Egyptian[14] ancestry; Roman citizen |
205–270 |
Mani | مانویت | Persian Western ایرانی/آریہ | 216–274 |
آریوس[n 3] | آریوسیت[n 4] | possibly بربر، born in لیبیا; hellenophone |
250–336 |
فلاغیوس[n 3] | Pelagianism[n 5] | British,[15] possibly Irish[16] | 354–430 |
Nestorius[n 3] | نسطوریت[n 6] | Romaniote (Byzantine hellenophone) | 386–451 |
Eutyches | عقیدہ وحدت فطرت[n 7] | born in قسطنطنیہ | 380–456 |
ابتدائی جدید تا قرون وسطی (500–1800 عیسوی)
نام | مذہب | قوم | بانی کی زندگی |
---|---|---|---|
مزدک | Mazdakism | اوستائی زبان ایرانی/آریہ | died c. 526 |
بودھی دھرم | زین بدھ | چینی (تانگ خاندان) | c. 500s – c. 560s |
محمد | اسلام | عرب لوگ | c. 570 – 632 |
Songtsen Gampo | تبتی بدھ مت | تبتی قوم | 7ویں صدی |
En no Gyōja | Shugendō | جاپانی قوم | late 7ویں صدی |
Huineng | East Asian Zen Buddhism | چینی (تانگ خاندان) | 638–713 |
Padmasambhava | Nyingma | ہندوستانی | 8ویں صدی |
Han Yu | Neo-Confucianism | چینی | 8th or 9ویں صدی |
Saichō | Tendai (descended from Tiantai) | جاپانی | 767–822 |
Kūkai | Shingon Buddhism | جاپانی | 774–835 |
شنکر اچاریہ | ادویت | ہندوستانی | 9ویں صدی |
محمد بن نصیر نمیری | Nusayrism | Persian | late 9ویں صدی |
رامانج | Vishishtadvaita | ہندوستانی | 1017–1137 |
حمزہ بن علی بن احمد | دروز | Persian | 11ویں صدی |
عدی بن مسافر | یزیدی | یزیدی | 12ویں صدی |
بساو | لنگایت دھرم | ہندوستانی | 12ویں صدی |
Hōnen | Jōdo-shū (descended from Pure Land Buddhism) | جاپانی | 1131–1212 |
Eisai | Rinzai Zen (descended from the Linji school) | جاپانی | 1141–1215 |
Shinran | Jōdo Shinshū (descended from Jōdo-shū) | جاپانی | 1173–1263 |
Dōgen | Sōtō Zen (descended from the Caodong school) | جاپانی | 1200–1253 |
سید محمد بکتاش | بکتاشیہ of تصوف | ترکی قوم (عثمانی خاندان) or Persian | 1209–1271 |
Nichiren | Nichiren Buddhism | جاپانی | 1222–1282 |
مدھو اچاریہ | Dvaita | Tuluva (ہندوستانی) | 1238–1317 |
Sant Mat | بھکتی تحریک | Numerous مرکزی ہندوستانی زبانیں groups[n 8] | 13th to 15th centuries |
جان وکلف | Lollardy | British (انگریز) | 1320s–1384 |
Nāimī – Fażlu l-Lāh Astar-Ābādī | حروفیہ | ایرانی | 14ویں صدی |
Mahmoud Pasikhani | نقطویہ | ایرانی (فارسی) | late 14ویں صدی |
Jan Hus | Hussitism | فرنگی (Czech) | 1372–1415 |
Ramananda | وشنو دھرم | ہندوستانی | 15ویں صدی |
Sankardev | Ekasarana Dharma | Assamese (ہندوستانی) | 1449–1568 |
گرو نانک | سکھ مت | پنجابی | 1469–1539 |
سری چند | Udasi | پنجابی (پاکستان) | 1494–1629 |
Vallabha Acharya | Shuddhadvaita | ہندوستانی | 1479–1531 |
مارٹن لوتھر | لوتھریت and پروٹسٹنٹ in general | Frankish (Saxon) | 1483–1546 |
چیتنیا مہاپربھو | گوڑیہ ویشنو مت، Achintya Bheda Abheda | بنگالی (ہندوستانی) | 1486–1534 |
Thomas Cranmer | انگلیکانیت (کلیسائے انگلستان) | برطانوی (انگریز) | 1489–1556 |
Ignatius of Loyola | یسوعی (Jesuits) | Spanish باسک | 1491–1556 |
Menno Simons | Mennonite | Dutch | 1496–1561 |
Conrad Grebel | Swiss Brethren، باز اصطباغیت | سویٹزرلینڈ | 1498–1526 |
Jacob Hutter | Hutterite | Tyrolean (باواریاn) | 1500–1536 |
Sultan Sahak | اہل حق | کرد | early 15ویں صدی |
جان کالون | کالوینیت[17] | French | 1509–1564 |
مائیکل سروٹس[18] | توحید پرستی (مسیحیت) | Aragonese | 1511?–1553 |
John Knox[19] | پریسبیٹیرین کلیسیا | Scottish | 1510–1572 |
جلال الدین اکبر | دین الٰہی | سندھ (مغلیہ سلطنت) | 1542–1605 |
Jacobus Arminius | Arminianism | Dutch | 1560–1609 |
John Smyth[20] | اصطباغی کلیسیا | انگریز | 1570–1612 |
Avvakum[حوالہ درکار] | Old Believers of روسی راسخ الاعتقاد کلیسا | Russian | 1620–1682 |
George Fox[21] | Quakers | انگریز | 1624–1691 |
Philipp Spener[22] | Pietism | الزاس (German) | 1635–1705 |
Jakob Ammann | ایمش | Swiss | 1656–1730 |
Emanuel Swedenborg | The New Church | Swedish | 1688–1772 |
Yisroel ben Eliezer "Baal Shem Tov"[23] | حسیدی یہودیت | Polish (یوکرینی) | 1698–1760 |
John Wesley،[24] Charles Wesley، George Whitefield | میتھوڈسٹ مسیحیت | انگریز | 1703–1791 |
Ann Lee[25] | Shakers | انگریز | 1736–1784 |
نئی مذہبی تحریکیں (بعد از 1800ء)
نام | مذہب | بانی کی زندگی | |
---|---|---|---|
راجا رام موہن رائے | برہمو سماج | ہندوستانی | 1772–1833 |
سوامی ناراین | Swaminarayan Sampraday | ہندوستانی | 1781–1830 |
Auguste Comte | Religion of Humanity | French | 1798–1857 |
Nakayama Miki | Tenrikyo | جاپانی | 1798–1887 |
Ignaz von Döllinger | Old Catholic Church | German | 1799–1890 |
Phineas Quimby | New Thought | American | 1802–1866 |
Allan Kardec | Spiritism | French | 1804–1869 |
جوزف سمتھ | مورمنیت، also known as the موخر روز سینٹ تحریک | American | 1805–1844 |
John Thomas | کرسٹاڈلفئن | British | 1805–1871 |
Abraham Geiger | اصلاحی یہودیت | German | 1810–1874 |
Jamgon Kongtrul | Rimé movement | Tibetan | 1813–1899 |
Hong Xiuquan | Taiping Christianity | Hakka | 1814–1864 |
مرزا حسین علی نوری بہاءاللہ[26] | بہائی | Persian (Ottoman Turk) | 1817–1892 |
سید علی محمد باب | بابیت، precursor of the بہائی | Persian (Ottoman Turk) | 1819–1850 |
James Springer White | Seventh-day Adventist Church | American | 1821–1881 |
Wang Jueyi | Yiguandao | چینی (چنگ خاندان) | 1821–1884 |
Mary Baker Eddy[27] | Christian Science | American | 1821–1910 |
Ramalinga Swamigal | Samarasa Sutha Sanmarga Sangam | تمل لوگ (ہندوستانی) | 1823–1874 |
دیانند سرسوتی | آریہ سماج | گجراتی لوگ (ہندوستانی) | 1824–1883 |
Ellen G. White[28] | Seventh-day Adventist Church | American | 1827–1915 |
John Ballou Newbrough | Faithism | American | 1828–1891 |
صبح ازل | Azali Bábism | Persian | 1831–1912 |
Helena Blavatsky | فلسفۂ تصوف | Russian (Ukrainian) | 1831–1891 |
Ayya Vaikundar | ایاوڑھی | ہندوستانی | 1833–1851 |
مرزا غلام احمد | احمدیہ | ہندوستانی (Mughal) | 1835–1908 |
Guido von List | Armanism ( Germanic mysticism ) | Austrian | 1848–1919 |
چارلس ٹیز رسل[29] | Bible Student movement | American | 1852–1916 |
Wovoka | Ghost Dance | Paiute (سرخ ہندی) | 1856–1932 |
Rudolf Steiner | Anthroposophy | Austrian | 1861–1925 |
ویویکانند | Ramakrishna Mission | ہندوستانی | 1863–1902 |
William Irvine[30] | Two by Twos and Cooneyites | Scottish | 1863–1947 |
اروند گھوش | Integral yoga | ہندوستانی | 1872–1950 |
میسن ریمی | Orthodox Bahá'í Faith | American | 1874–1974 |
Aleister Crowley | Thelema | انگریز | 1875–1947 |
Charles Fox Parham | پینٹی کوسٹل | American | 1873–1929 |
"Father Divine" | International Peace Mission movement | American | c. 1876–1965 |
Edgar Cayce | Association for Research and Enlightenment | American | 1877–1945 |
Ngô Văn Chiêu | کاؤ دائیت | Viet | 1878–1926 |
Guy Ballard | "I AM" Activity | American | 1878–1939 |
Frank Buchman | Oxford Group/Moral Re-Armament | American | 1878–1961 |
Alfred G. Moses | Jewish Science | American | 1878–1956 |
Mordecai Kaplan | Reconstructionist Judaism | Russian (Lithuanian) | 1881–1983 |
Gerald Gardner | ویکا | British | 1884–1964 |
Felix Manalo | Iglesia ni Cristo (Church of Christ) | Filipino | 1886–1963 |
Frank B. Robinson | Psychiana | American | 1886–1948 |
Noble Drew Ali | Moorish Science Temple of America | American, possibly چروکی or Moroccan | 1886–1929 |
Marcus Garvey | Rastafari | Jamaican | 1887–1940 |
Ernest Holmes | Religious Science | American | 1887–1960 |
Sadafaldeo | Vihangamyoga | ہندوستانی | 1888–1902 |
Aimee Semple McPherson[31] | Foursquare Church | Canadian | 1890–1944 |
Zélio Fernandino de Moraes[32] | Umbanda | Brazilian | 1891–1975 |
Ida B. Robinson | Mount Sinai Holy Church of America | American | 1891–1946 |
والس فارڈ محمد | نیشن آف اسلام | American | 1891–1934 (absentia) |
پرم ہنس یوگانند | Yogoda Satsanga Society of India، Self-Realization Fellowship | ہندوستانی | 1893–1952 |
A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada | International Society for Krishna Consciousness | ہندوستانی | 1896–1977 |
Ruth Norman | Unarius | American | 1900–1993 |
Swami Muktananda | Siddha Yoga | ہندوستانی | 1908–1982 |
Paul Twitchell | Eckankar | American | 1908–1971 |
Ikurō Teshima | Makuya | جاپانی | 1910–1973 |
L. Ron Hubbard | Church of Scientology | American | 1911–1986 |
کم ایل سونگ | Juche[33] | (North) Korean | 1912–1994 |
Chinmayananda Saraswati | Chinmaya Mission | ہندوستانی | 1916–1993 |
مہا رشی مہیش یوگی | Transcendental Meditation | ہندوستانی | 1917–2008 |
Samael Aun Weor | Universal Christian Gnostic Movement | Colombian | 1917–1977 |
Mark L. Prophet | The Summit Lighthouse | American | 1918–1973 |
Ben Klassen | Creativity | Ukrainian | 1918–1993 |
Ahn Sahng-hong | World Mission Society Church of God | Korean | 1918–1985 |
Huỳnh Phú Sổ | Hòa Hảo | Viet | 1919–1947 |
Yong (Sun) Myung Moon[34] | Unification Church | Korean | 1920–2012 |
Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar | آنند مارگ | ہندوستانی | 1921–1990 |
Clarence 13X | Five-Percent Nation | American | 1922–1969 |
Mestre Gabriel | União do Vegetal | Brazilian | 1922–1971 |
Nirmala Srivastava | Sahaja Yoga | ہندوستانی | 1923–2011 |
Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson | ہیتھنری | Icelander | 1924–1993 |
Sathya Sai Baba | Sathya Sai Organization | ہندوستانی | 1926–2011 |
اینٹون لاوی | کلیسیائے شیطان (لاوی شیطانیت) | American | 1930–1997 |
Rajneesh[35] | Rajneesh movement | ہندوستانی | 1931–1990 |
Mark L. Prophet; Elizabeth Clare Prophet[36] |
Church Universal and Triumphant | American | 1918–1973; 1939–2009 |
Adi Da | Adidam | American | 1939–2008 |
Claude Vorilhon | Raëlism | French | 1946– |
Marshall Vian Summers | New Message from God | American | 1949– |
Li Hongzhi | فالون گونگ | چینی | 1951– |
Ravi Shankar[37] | Art of Living foundation | ہندوستانی | 1956– |
Ryuho Okawa | Happy Science | جاپانی | 1956- |
Vissarion | Church of the Last Testament | Russian | 1961– |
Chris Korda | Church of Euthanasia | American | 1962- |
Tamara Siuda | Kemetic Orthodoxy | American | 1969– |
Olumba Olumba Obu | Brotherhood of the Cross and Star | Nigerian | 1918– |
Isak Gerson | Missionary Church of Kopimism | Swedish | 1993- |
Erdoğan Çınar | Ishikism | Turkish | 21st century |
افسانوی/نیم-تاریخی
Traditional founder | Religious tradition founded | Historical founder(s) | Ethnicity | Life of historical founder |
---|---|---|---|---|
ابراہیم | یہودیت | Yahwists[n 9] | بنی اسرائیل | c. 13th[38][39][40] to 8ویں صدی BC[n 10] |
لاؤزی | تاؤ مت | چوانگ تزو | Chinese | 369 ق م – 286 BC |
Saptarishi | Vedic religion | Rigvedic tribes | بھارتی شہری | 16th to 11ویں صدی BC |
یوحنا اصطباغی | مندائیت | صابی | عبرانی قوم | 1st to 3rd century AD |
ملکہ سبا | Haymanot | Ezana of Axum | Ethiopian | 4ویں صدی BC |
ملاحظات
- ↑ "Controversy over Zoroaster's date has been an embarrassment of long standing to Zoroastrian studies. If anything approaching a consensus exists, it is that he lived ca. 1000 BCE give or take a century or so, though reputable scholars have proposed dates as widely apart as ca. 1750 BCE and '258 years before Alexander.'" (انسائیکلوپیڈیا ایرانیکا)
- ↑ historicity disputed but widely considered plausible. Gosta W. Ahlstrom argues the inconsistencies of the biblical tradition are insufficient to say that Ezra, with his central position as the 'father of Judaism' in the Jewish tradition, has been a later literary invention. (The History of Ancient Palestine، Fortress Press, p.888)
- ^ ا ب پ The teaching of the traditional "founding father" of a "heresy" is may well have differed greatly from the contents of the heresy as generally understood. For references see following notes.
- ↑ Acc. to Rowan Williams, 'Arianism' was essentially a polemical creation of Athanasius in an attempt to show that the different alternatives to the نیقیہ کونسل collapsed back into some form of Arius' teaching. (Arius، SCM (2001) p.247)
- ↑ Pelagius' thought was one sided and an inadequate interpretation of Christianity, but his disciples, Celestius and, to a greater extent, Julian of Eclanum pushed his ideas to extremes.(Kelly, J.N.D. Early Christian Doctrines A & C. Black (1965) p.361) Pelagius himself was declared orthodox by the synod of Diospolis in 415, after repudiating some of Celestius' opinions. (Frend, W.H.C. Saints and Sinners in the Early Church DLT (1985) p.133)
- ↑ Nestorius specifically endorsed the repudiation of "Nestorianism" reached at Chalcedon in 451 (Prestige, G.L. Fathers and Heretics SPCK (1963) p.130)
- ↑ Monophysitism represents an advanced type of Alexandrian Theology; it emerged in a distinctive form in 433 as a result of the agreement between John of Antioch and Cyril of Alexandria۔ The exaggerated form held by Eutyches was condemned in 451 by the Council of Chalcedon۔ In its moderate forms the divergence from orthodoxy may be simply terminological. Alexandrian Theology stressed both divine transcendence and a marked dualism between the material and the spiritual and so tended to nullify the humanity of Christ.(Cross & Livingstone. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (1974) arts. Monophysitism، Alexandrian Theology)
- ↑ Includes the پنجابی لوگ، Rajasthanis، and مراٹھی لوگ
- ↑ The religion of the Israelites of Iron Age I was based on a cult of ancestors and worship of family gods, the "gods of the fathers"۔ With the emergence of the monarchy at the beginning of Iron Age II the kings promoted their family god, YHWH (Yahweh)، as the god of the kingdom, but beyond the royal court, religion continued to be both polytheistic and family-centered. As such, this founding group is referred to as "Yahwists" as they were neither truly Israelites nor truly Jews.
- ↑ Israel emerges into the historical record in the last decades of the 13ویں صدی BCE, at the very end of the Late Bronze Age, as the Canaanite city-state system was ending. In the words of archaeologist William Dever, "most of those who came to call themselves Israelites … were or had been indigenous Canaanites"۔ The worship of YHWH (Yahweh) alone began at the earliest with Elijah in the 9ویں صدی BCE, but more likely with the prophet Hosea in the 8th; even then it remained the concern of a small party before gaining ascendancy in the exilic and early post-exilic period.
حوالہ جات
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 191.
- ↑ Zimmer 1953, p. 183.
- ↑ Mary Pat Fisher (1997)۔ Living Religions: An Encyclopedia of the World's Faiths۔ London: I.B.Tauris۔ ISBN 1-86064-148-2 p. 115
- ↑ "Parshvanatha"۔ Encyclopædia Britannica۔ Encyclopædia Britannica Online۔ 2007۔ 25 دسمبر 2018 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 22 اکتوبر 2007
- ↑ John Bowker (2000)۔ "Parsva"۔ The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions۔ Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press۔ 25 دسمبر 2018 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 22 اکتوبر 2007
- ↑ Charpentier, Jarl (1922)۔ "The History of the Jains"۔ The Cambridge History of India۔ 1۔ Cambridge۔ صفحہ: 153
- ↑ Upinder Singh 2016, p. 313.
- ↑ Zimmer 1953, p. 222.
- ↑ "Mahavira." Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.، 2006. Answers.com 28 Nov. 2009. http://www.answers.com/topic/mahavira
- ↑ Brueggemann 2002، pp. 75, 144.
- ↑ Edwyn Bevan (1 جنوری 1999)۔ Stoics and Sceptics: Four Lectures Delivered in Oxford During Hilary Term 1913 for the Common University Fund۔ Adegi Graphics LLC۔ ISBN 978-0-543-98288-9۔ 25 دسمبر 2018 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 14 جون 2017
- ↑ "Plotinus." The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Columbia University Press، 2003.
- ↑ "Plotinus." The Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford University Press, 1993, 2003.
- ↑ Bilolo, M.: La notion de « l’Un » dans les Ennéades de Plotin et dans les Hymnes thébains. Contribution à l’étude des sources égyptiennes du néo-platonisme. In: D. Kessler, R. Schulz (Eds.)، "Gedenkschrift für Winfried Barta ḥtp dj n ḥzj" (Münchner Ägyptologische Untersuchungen, Bd. 4)، Frankfurt; Berlin; Bern; New York; Paris; Wien: Peter Lang, 1995, pp. 67–91.
- ↑ ، Oxford Dictionary of National Biography۔
- ↑ Daibhi O Croinin, Early Medieval Ireland 400-1200 (2013)، p. 206.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 67.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 128.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 69.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 102.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 95.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 73.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 183.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 75.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 724.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 992.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 741.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 621.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 637.
- ↑ Chryssides 2001، p. 330.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 451.
- ↑ Smith and Prokopy 2003، p. 279-280.
- ↑ See:
- "Discussion of why Juche is classified as a major world religion"۔ Adherents.com۔ 25 دسمبر 2018 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 25 اکتوبر 2008۔
Its promoters describe Juche as simply a secular, ethical philosophy and not a religion. But, from a sociological viewpoint Juche is clearly a religion
; - Donald L. Baker (2008)۔ Korean Spirituality۔ Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press۔ صفحہ: 147۔ ISBN 978-0-8248-3257-5;
- Jeroen Temperman (2005)۔ State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance۔ 8۔ Leiden: BRILL۔ صفحہ: 145۔ ISBN 978-90-04-18148-9۔
- "Discussion of why Juche is classified as a major world religion"۔ Adherents.com۔ 25 دسمبر 2018 میں اصل سے آرکائیو شدہ۔ اخذ شدہ بتاریخ 25 اکتوبر 2008۔
- ↑ Beit-Hallahmi 1998، p. 365.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 1051.
- ↑ Beit-Hallahmi 1998، p. 97.
- ↑ Melton 2003، p. 1004.
- ↑ Albertz 1994، p. 61.
- ↑ Grabbe 2008, pp. 225–6.
- ↑ Ann E. Killebrew (2005)۔ Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines, and Early Israel, 1300–1100 B.C.E.۔ Society of Biblical Literature۔ ISBN 978-1-58983-097-4
کتابیات
- Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi (1998)۔ The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Active New Religions, Sects, and Cults (Revised Edition)۔ Rosen Publishing Group۔ ISBN 978-0-8239-2586-5
- Walter Brueggemann (2002)۔ Reverberations of Faith: A Theological Handbook of Old Testament Themes۔ Westminster John Knox Press۔ ISBN 978-0-664-22231-4
- George D. Chryssides (2001)۔ Historical dictionary of new religious movements۔ The Scarecrow Press, Inc.۔ ISBN 0-8108-4095-2
- Phyllis G. Jestice (2004)۔ Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia (Volume 3)۔ ABC-CLIO, Inc.۔ ISBN 978-1-57607-355-1
- J. Gordon Melton (2003)۔ Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition)۔ Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc.۔ ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
- Christian Smith، Joshua Prokopy (1999)۔ Latin American Religion in Motion۔ New York, New York: Routledge۔ ISBN 978-0-415-92106-0
- Upinder Singh (2016)، A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century، Pearson Education، ISBN 978-93-325-6996-6
- Heinrich Zimmer (1953) [اپریل 1952]، مدیر: Joseph Campbell، Philosophies Of India، لندن، E.C. 4: روٹلیج & Kegan Paul Ltd، ISBN 978-81-208-0739-6