Albania

I-Alibheniya lilizwe elikuMzantsi-mpuma Yurophu.[1] Imida iMontenegro ukuya kuMntla-ntshona, iKosovo ukuya kuMntla-mpuma, uMntla weMakedoni ukuya empuma kunye neGrisi emazantsi nakumazantsi-ntshona.[2] Ilizwe lijikelezwe lulwandle lwe-Adriatic ukuya emantla-ntshona, entshona nakumazantsi-ntshona kunye nolwandle lwase-Ionian ukuya emazantsi-ntshona. Imozulu yaseAlbania ikwiMeditera, yaye ihlobo lishushu nobusika obubandayo. Ikomkhulu kunye nesona sixeko sikhulu saseAlbania yiTirana.[3] Ilizwe limi ngoku apho lalimi khona "Illyria" kumaxesha amandulo kunye ne "Arbëria" kumaXesha Aphakathi. Ilizwe laliphantsi kolawulo lwe-Ottoman Empire iminyaka engaphezu kwama-500. IAlbania yafumana inkululeko kuBukhosi baseOttoman ngowe-1912. Ngowe-1944, elo lizwe lalawulwa nguEnver Hoxha wolawulo lwamakomanisi kangangeminyaka engama-41. Emva kokuwa kolawulo lwamakomanisi, iQela leDemokhrasi lalawula ilizwe iminyaka ethile, apho laphuhlisa amasimi amaninzi ezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho awonakaliswa ngexesha lokuhlala kwelizwe yi-Ottoman Empire kunye nolawulo lwamakomanisi.[4] Ukususela ngo-2013, i-Albania ilawulwa yi-Socialist Party yase-Albania kunye no-Edi Rama eyinkulumbuso.[5]

Imbali

Indawo yokuhlala ye-Mesolitiki e-Alibheniya ibonakaliswe kwiindawo ezininzi zomoya ezivulekileyo ngelo xesha zazikufutshane nonxweme lwe-Adriyatiki kunye neendawo zomqolomba. Izinto ze-Mesolitiki ezifunyenwe kumqolomba okufutshane ne-Zare(Xarrë) ziquka izinto zelitye lelitye leyaspisi kunye namathambo esilwanyana, ngelixa ezo zifunyenwe kwiNtaba yeDajt ziquka izixhobo zamathambo kunye namatye afana nawo enkcubeko yaseAurignacian.[6] Ixesha le-Nolitiki e-Alibheniya laqala malunga ne-7000 ku-BC kwaye ingqinwa kwizinto ezifunyenweyo ezibonisa ukugcinwa kweegusha, iibhokhwe kunye nezolimo ezincinci. Inxalenye yabantu baseNolitiki inokuba yayifana nabemi baseMesolitiki bamazantsi eBhalkani njengasemqolombeni waseKonispol apho umaleko we-Mesolitiki ukhona kunye nofunyanwo womdongwe wangaphambili weNolitiki. Inkcubeko yomdongwe we-Khadiyamu ibonakala kunxweme lwaseAlibheniya nakwi-Adriyatiki emva kwe6500 ku-BC, ngelixa iindawo zokuhlala zangaphakathi zithatha inxaxheba kwiinkqubo ezenza inkcubeko yaseStarčevo.[7] Imigodi ye-bhithumene yase-Alibheniya ku-Selenice inika ubungqina bokuqala bokusetyenziswa kwebhithumene eYurophu, eyaqala kwi-Alibheniya ye-Nolitiki ye-Alibheniya (ukusuka kwi-5000 ku-BC), xa uluntu lwasekuhlaleni lwalusebenzisa njengepeyinti yokuhlobisa i-seramikhi, uthintelo lwamanzi, kunye nokuncamathelisa ukulungisa izitya eziphukileyo. Ibhithumene yaseSelenice yayihamba isiya empuma ye-Alibheniya ukususela ekuqaleni kwewaka leminyaka lesi-5 ku-BC. Ubungqina bokuqala bokurhweba kwamanye amazwe buvela kwiNolitiki kunye neXesha leBronz kumazantsi e-Ithali. Ibhithumene ekumgangatho ophezulu yaseSelenice iye yasetyenziswa kuyo yonke iminyaka yembali ukususela kwixesha leNolitiki kude kube namhlanje.[8]

Ubukhosi bamaOthomani

Emva kokuwa kweConstantinople, uBukhosi bamaOthomani baqhubeka ixesha elide boqoqosho nokwanda kwimida yabo ukuya nzulu kuMzantsi-mpuma eYurophu. Bafikelela kunxweme lwase-Alibheniya loLwandle lwe-Ayoniyani ngo-1385 baza bamisa amagumbi abo kumzantsi we-Alibheniya ngo-1415 baza bahlala khona ngo-1431.[9][10] Amawaka amaAlibhani ngoko abalekela eNtshona Yurophu, ingakumbi eKhalabriya, eNaples, eRagusa naseSisili, apho abanye bafuna ukukhuselwa kwiiNtaba zaseAlibheniya ezingafikelelekiyo.[11] Ama-Alibhani, njengamaKristu, ayejongwa njengodidi oluphantsi lwabantu, kwaye ngenxa yoko babephantsi kweerhafu ezinzima phakathi kwabanye yinkqubo yeDevshirme eyavumela uSulthan ukuba aqokelele ipesenti efunekayo yolutsha lwamaKristu kwiintsapho zabo ukwenza iJanisari. Uloyiso lwama-Othomani lwalukhatshwa yinkqubo yokuhamba ngokuthe ngcembe kwamaSilamsi kunye nokwakhiwa ngokukhawuleza kweeMoski.

Uhlaziyo oluphumeleleyo nolwalukade lukho lwaqhambuka emva kokubunjwa kweLezhë Ligi kwade kwawa iShkodër phantsi kobunkokheli bukaGjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg, owathi ngokuqhubekayo woyisa imikhosi emikhulu yama-Othomani ekhokelwa ngamaSulthani uMurad II noMehmed II. USkanderbeg wakwazi ukudibanisa amaqela amaninzi aseAlibheniya, phakathi kwawo kwakukho amaAriyana, amaDukagjinis, amaZahariya kunye namaThopi, kunye nokumisela igunya eliphakathi kuninzi lwemimandla engaphumelelanga, eba yiNkosi yaseAlibheniya. Ukwanda koBukhosi beOthomani kwaphazamiseka ngexesha apho imikhosi kaSkanderbeg yayichasa, kwaye kuye kwathiwa yenye yezona zizathu eziphambili zokulibaziseka kolwandiso lwamaOthomani eNtshona Yurophu, enika amakhosazana ase-Ithali ixesha elingakumbi lokulungiselela ngcono ukufika lwamaOthomani. Nangona kunjalo, ukusilela kweentlanga ezininzi zaseYurophu, ngaphandle kweNaples, ekumnikeni inkxaso, kunye nokusilela kwezicwangciso zikaPopu Pius II zokuququzelela umnqamlezo othenjisiweyo ngokuchasene nama-Ottomans kwakuthetha ukuba akukho nalunye uloyiso lukaSkanderbeg olwayithintela ngokusisigxina ama-Othomani ekuhlaseleni amaBhalkani aseNtshona.

Phezu kwako nje ukuba yinkokeli yomkhosi ekrelekrele, uloyiso lukaSkanderbeg lwaluyicothisa impumelelo yakhe yokugqibela. Ukungenelela rhoqo kwamaOthomani kwabangela umonakalo omkhulu eAlibheniya, kunciphisa kakhulu inani labemi kwaye kutshabalalisa imihlambi yezilwanyana nezityalo. Ngaphandle kokunikezela, kwakungekho ndlela yokuba uSkanderbeg akwazi ukumisa uhlaselo lwama-Othomani nangona wayephumelele ngokuchasene nabo. Amandla akhe omntu kunye nezibonelelo azizange zanele, zimthintele ekwandiseni iinzame zemfazwe kunye nokugxotha kwamaTheki kwimida yaseAlibheniya. Ngenxa yoko iAlibheniya yajamelana neentlaselo ezininzi zama-Othomani de ekugqibeleni kwiminyaka emininzi emva kokufa kwakhe.

Iimbekiselo

  1. ↑ "A first-time guide to Albania: explore this beautiful nation" Lonely Planet retrieved 2025-01-28 
  2. ↑ "Which Countries Border Albania?" WorldAtlas (in en-US) 2018-08-23 retrieved 2025-01-28 
  3. ↑ "City of Tirana | Coleurope" www.coleurope.eu retrieved 2025-01-28 
  4. ↑ "Human Rights in Post-Communist Albania" Refworld (in English) retrieved 2025-01-28 
  5. ↑ "Edi Rama" www.osce.org (in English) retrieved 2025-01-28 
  6. ↑ "<sc>john boardman</sc><italic>et al</italic>., editors. <italic>The Cambridge Ancient History</italic>. Volume 3, part 1, <italic>The Prehistory of the Balkans; and the Middle East and the Aegean World, Tenth to Eighth Centuries B.C</italic>. 2d ed. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1982. Pp. xx, 1059. $79.50" The American Historical Review 1984-10 ISSN 1937-5239 doi:10.1086/ahr/89.4.1054 
  7. ↑ Bunguri, Adem (2014-12-30) "Different models for the Neolithisation of Albania" Documenta Praehistorica 41: 79–94 ISSN 1854-2492 doi:10.4312/dp.41.4 
  8. ↑ Connan, J.; Elezi, G.; Engel, M.H.; Zumberge, A. (2024-02) "Natural asphalt on Late Neolithic (5000–4500 BCE) potsherds from southeastern Albania: A geochemical study" Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports (in English) 53: 104343 doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2023.104343 
  9. ↑ "7. Locating Fragmented Identities in Switzerland's Ottoman-Albanian Diaspora, 1899-1920" Rethinking the Late Ottoman Empire (Gorgias Press): 123–134 2010-12-31 
  10. ↑ Legvold, Robert; Hupchick, Dennis P. (2002) "The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism" Foreign Affairs 81 (1): 222 ISSN 0015-7120 doi:10.2307/20033051 
  11. ↑ Gjonça, Arjan (2001) Communism, health, and lifestyle: the paradox of mortality transition in Albania, 1950-1990 Studies in population and urban demography Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press ISBN 978-0-313-31586-2