Siang-ke̍k-chú

Siang-ke̍k-chú (Hàn-jī: 雙極子; Eng-gí: dipole), ia̍h im-e̍k chò tai₃₃ pho͘₅₁ lu_1, sī tiān-chû-ha̍k lāi-té ê chi̍t chióng bu̍t-lí mô͘-hêng.

Hun-lūi

Án-chiàu siang-ke̍k-chú ê pún-chit khu-hun chò nn̄g chióng: tiān-siang-ke̍k-chú kap chû--siang-ke̍k-chú. Chit nn̄g chióng tī chiok chē hong-bīn lóng ē-sái lūi-pí.

• Tiān-siang-ke̍k-chú sī chi̍t siang tiān-sèng tùi-hoán (chi̍t ê sī chiàⁿ--ê, chi̍t ê sī hū--ê), tiān-liōng sio-kāng, jî-chhiáⁿ siong-keh chi̍t tōaⁿ kū-lî ê tiān-hō. Nn̄g ê tiān-hō ê liân-sòaⁿ kiò-chò siang-ke̍k-te̍k (Eng-gí: dipole axis).^[1]

• Chû-siang-ke̍k-chú ē-sái ká-sióng sī iû chi̍t siang chû-sèng tùi-hoán (chi̍t ê sī N ke̍k, chi̍t ê sī S ke̍k), "chû-hō-liōng" sio-kāng, jî-chhiáⁿ siong-keh chi̍t tōaⁿ kū-lî ê chû-hō (ia̍h hō-chò chû-tan-ke̍k-chú). Tān-sī chû-hō kàu-taⁿ iá-bōe hō͘ lâng koan-chhek--tio̍h, mā bô si̍t-giām ē-tàng chèng-si̍t i ê chûn-chāi. Só͘-í si̍t-chè-siōng ê chû-siang-ke̍k-chú ài iōng pa̍t-hāng lâi chò i ê mô͘-hêng:
  • Kùn-á-hêng ê khip-chio̍h ia̍h sī tòa chû-tiûⁿ ê mi̍h-kiāⁿ (chhiūⁿ tē-kiû kap chiok chē thian-thé) ē-sái khòaⁿ-chò sī chû-siang-ke̍k-chú.
  • Chi̍t ê thong tiān-liû ê îⁿ-kho͘-á tiān-sòaⁿ iah-sī solenoid.
  • Liōng-chú le̍k-ha̍k tiong, ū chi̍t-kóa-á ki-pún lia̍p-chú pún-sin tō sī chû-siang-ke̍k-chú, in-ūi in ū chi̍t ê lōe-chāi sèng-chit — chū-soân.

Lán mā ē-sái khu-hun bu̍t-lí siang-ke̍k-chú kap tiám siang-ke̍k-chú.

• Bu̍t-lí siang-ke̍k-chú (Eng-gí: physical dipole) sī iû bu̍t-lí si̍t-thé (tiān-hō, tiān-liû) kò͘-sêng--ê.

• Tiám siang-ke̍k-chú (Eng-gí: point dipole) sī bu̍t-lí siang-ke̍k-chú ê kīn-sū.

Siang-ke̍k-kí

Put-koán sī tó chi̍t chióng siang-ke̍k-chú, lóng ē-sái iōng siang-ke̍k-kí (Hàn-jī: 雙極矩; Eng-gí: dipole moment) lâi biâu-su̍t. Siang-ke̍k-kí tī sò͘-ha̍k siōng sī chi̍t ê hiòng-liōng, ū hong-hiòng kap tōa-sè.

Tiān-siang-ke̍k-kí

Bu̍t-lí tiān-siang-ke̍k-chú ê siang-ke̍k-kí ${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {p}$ iōng sò͘-ha̍k-sek lâi tēng-gī tō sī $${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {p}=q{\boldsymbol {d},}$$kî-tiong ${\displaystyle q}$ sī ta̍k ê tiān-hō tiān-liōng ê choa̍t-tùi-tat, ${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {d}$ sī tùi hū tiān-hō kàu chiàⁿ tiān-hō ê ūi-î hiòng-liōng. Só͘-í, tiān-siang-ke̍k-chú ê hong-hiòng tō sī hū tiān-hō kàu chiàⁿ tiān-hō ê hong-hiòng, tiān-siang-ke̍k-chú ê tōa-sè tō sī nn̄g t tiān-hō ê iān-liōng sêng in ê kū-lî, tō sī ${\displaystyle p=qd}$. Tiān-siang-ke̍k-kí ê SI tan-ūi sī coulomb-kong-chhioh.^[1]

Chû-siang-ke̍k-kí

Bu̍t-lí chû-siang-ke̍k-chú ê siang-ke̍k-kí ${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {m}$ (ê ū lâng iōng Hi-lia̍p jī-bó ${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\mu }$) iōng sò͘-ha̍k-sek lâi tēng-gī tō sī $${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {m}=I{\boldsymbol {a},}$$kî-tiong ${\displaystyle I}$ sī ta̍k ê lâu tī kho͘-á lāi ê tiān-liû tōa-sè, ${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {a}$ sī kho͘-á ê bīn-chek hiòng-liōng (${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {a}$ ê tōa-sè téng-î kho͘-á ê bīn-chek, ${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {a}$ ê hong-hiòng ài iōng chiàⁿ-chhiú hoat-chek lâi koat-tēng: nā lí kā chiàⁿ-chhiú pí-chhut "chán" ê chhiú-sè, tōa-thâu-bó tō sī ${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {a}$ ê hong-hiòng, chhun ê sì ki chéng-thâu tō sī tiān-liû ê hong-hiòng.)

Siang-ke̍k-chú sán-seng ê tiûⁿ

Siang-ke̍k-chú siū-tio̍h ê le̍k-kí

Tiān-siang-ke̍k-chú khǹg tī chiâu-ûn tiān-tiûⁿ ${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {E}$ ê sî, siang-thâu ê tiān-hō ê siū-tio̍h tōa-sè sio-kāng, hong-hiòng tò-thâu ê la̍t, só͘-í kui-ē tiān-siang-ke̍k-chú ē siū-tio̍h le̍k-kí ${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\tau }$, jî-chhiáⁿ kè-sǹg ê kiat-kó sī $${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\tau }={\boldsymbol {p}\,{\boldsymbol {\times }\,{\boldsymbol {E}.}$$Chû-siang-ke̍k-chú khǹg tī chiâu-ûn chû-tiûⁿ ${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {B}$ ê sî, kho͘-á ê múi chi̍t tōaⁿ lóng ê siū-tio̍h tōa-sè bô-kâng ê la̍t, tān-sī chéng-thé lâi khòaⁿ, kho͘-á nn̄g pêng ē siū-tio̍h hong-hiòng tò-thâu ê la̍t, só͘-í kui-ē chû-siang-ke̍k-chú ē siū-tio̍h le̍k-kí ${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\tau }$, jî-chhiáⁿ kè-sǹg ê kiat-kó sī $${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\tau }={\boldsymbol {m}\,{\boldsymbol {\times }\,{\boldsymbol {B}.}$$

Hun-chú siang-ke̍k-chú

In-ūi chiok chē hun-chú téng-koân ê chiàⁿ, hū tiān-hō hun-pò͘ bô chiâu-ûn, só͘-í in lóng ū siang-ke̍k-kí, chit khoán hun-chú lán kā hō-chò ke̍k-sèng hun-chú. Chhiūⁿ hut-hòa-khing (HF) tō sī ke̍k-sèng hun-chú, i ê hut-sò͘ hit-pêng ê hū tiān-hō bi̍t-tō͘ khah koân, chúi-sò͘ hit-pêng ê chiàⁿ tiān-hō bi̍t-tō͘ khah koân.

O-lân bu̍t-lí hòa-ha̍k ka Peter J. Debye sī tē-it ê kóng-hoàn gián-kiú hun-chú ke̍k-sèng ê kho-ha̍k-ka. Ūi-tio̍h beh piáu-chiong i ê kòng-hiàn, hun-chú siang-ke̍k-chú ê tan-ūi hőng hō-miâ chò debye, hû-hō sī D.

Àn-chiàu siang-ke̍k-chú hêng-sêng ê goan-in, ē-sái hūn chò kúi-nā lūi:

Éng-kiú siang-ke̍k-chú

Sùn-sî siang-ke̍k-chú

Iú-tō siang-ke̍k-chú

Liōng-chú le̍k-ha̍k tiōng ê siang-ke̍k-chú ūn-sǹg-chú