胡塞运动

真主虔信者
أَنْصَار ٱللَّٰه‎
領導人侯賽因·巴得瑞丁·胡塞 †
阿卜杜勒-馬利克·胡塞（英语：Abdul-Malik Badreddin al-Houthi）
发言人Mohammed Abdul Salam[4]
活躍期1994年至今
（2004年起拥有武裝）
总部 葉門薩達和薩那
活跃地区
意識形態宰德派復興主義[5]


伊斯蘭革命[6][7]
社會正義[8][9][10][11]
反遜尼派[12][13] （被指控但否認）
團結什葉派-遜尼派[14][15]
反帝國主義[16]
民族統一主義[17]
反猶太復國主義[16]
反猶太主義[18] （否認）[19]
伊斯蘭主義[7]
也門民族主義[14][20]
大帳篷民粹主義[14]


反美主義[21][22]
盟友國家盟友

非國家盟友

對手國家

非國家

戰役、戰爭也门什叶派起义
叙利亚内战
也门内战 (2014年至今)[61][62]
以色列—哈瑪斯戰爭
被以下
認定為恐怖組織		 沙烏地阿拉伯[63]
 阿联酋[64]
 马来西亚[65]
UNSC UNSC[66]
网站Ansarollah.com

胡塞运动（阿拉伯语：الحوثيون‎，al-Ḥūthiyyūn），正式名称是真主虔信者（أنصار الله‎ ，anṣār allāh），是也门的一个伊斯兰教什叶派宰德派反政府武装组织，该组织被联合国安全理事会视为恐怖主义组织，对其实施武器禁运等制裁[72]。

历史

目前的也门局势：
  胡塞运动和薩利赫的支持者控制
  也门总统阿卜杜拉布·曼苏尔·哈迪支持者控制
  阿拉伯半岛基地组织和伊斯兰教法虔信者控制
  南方过渡委员会控制
胡塞运动的書法體標誌。其內容為「信道的人們啊，你們應當做協助真主的人」（古蘭經61:14）[73][74]
参见：也门内战 (2014年至今)

胡塞运动的前身“信仰青年”于1992年在也门北部萨达省建立[75]，创立者为宰德派宗教领袖侯赛因·胡塞。

2003年伊拉克战争中，“信仰青年”在也门首都萨那的萨利赫清真寺（英语：Saleh Mosque）宣传反美和反犹太口号。其后也门政府逮捕其多名成员。[76]虽然时任也門总统阿里·阿卜杜拉·萨利赫為宰德派出身，但萨利赫政府亲美，并且和以逊尼派为主的海湾合作委员会国家保持友好关系，導致青年信仰者視其為叛徒，双方渐行渐远。

2004年，侯赛因·胡塞开始武装起義反抗，但于9月10日在和也门政府军的战斗中陣亡。其追随者将“信仰青年”组织改名为“胡塞”，以示永远紀念侯赛因·胡塞。[77][78]此后，胡塞组织与也门政府间时断时续的冲突不断。直至2010年，双方签署了停火协议。[79]

胡塞运动参与了2011年也门反政府示威，但反对海湾合作委员会达成的协议，该协议将建立包括萨利赫在內的联合政府。

2011年11月，胡塞运动已控制也门北部的萨达省和焦夫省。[80]

2014年9月，胡塞运动进攻首都萨那发动政变，控制了部分政府大楼和广播电台。[81]这引起了逊尼派阿拉伯半岛基地组织的仇恨，该组织已经策划实施了多起针对胡塞运动的袭击事件。[82][83]

2014年底，胡塞运动與前總統萨利赫結盟，共同對抗也門政府。[84]

武裝控制首都

2015年1月，胡塞运动继续控制首都萨那，围困了总理府。与政府军的交火造成多人死亡。[85]1月22日，在胡塞运动占领总统府、官邸和重要军事设施后，总统阿卜杜·拉布·曼苏尔·哈迪及其内阁辞职。

2月6日，胡塞运动宣布成立“总统委员会”和“全国过渡委员会”，以取代也门总统和议会治理国家。但联合国、美国、海合会等不予承认。[86]海合会一直指责伊朗支持胡塞叛军。

2月21日，总统哈迪从胡塞武装的软禁中逃离首都萨那，返回原南也门的首都亚丁。随后，他收回之前的辞呈[87]海合会国家纷纷将使馆迁至亚丁，以表示对哈迪的支持。[88]

胡塞运动繼續向亞丁推進。3月26日，以沙特阿拉伯為首的多國聯軍發起果斷風暴行動，針對胡塞运动目標的持續空襲開始。

2017年9月，胡塞运动宣布任命「軍隊指揮官」、「最高司法委員會主席」和「財政部長」等要職，但盟友前總統薩利赫不同意，拒絕承認任命。2017年11月底，胡塞运动与萨利赫的關係急速惡化，雙方部队在也门首都萨那發生衝突。萨利赫於12月2日提出与沙特领导的联军进行对话，被胡塞运动指責為對盟友發動“政变”。[89][90]薩利赫與胡塞运动決裂後，雙方部隊爆發激戰。12月4日，萨利赫在逃離薩那的途中被胡塞运动殺死。[84]

2021年1月10日，美國川普政府的國務卿蓬佩奧發佈聲明，決定將胡塞运动列為恐怖組織[91]。2月16日，美國新任喬·拜登政府宣佈將胡塞运动從恐怖主義組織名單中移除。[92][93]

介入以色列—哈瑪斯戰爭

美国国防部表示，在紅海北部執行任務的美軍卡尼号驱逐舰（USS Carney），2023年10月19日擊落由獲伊朗支持的胡塞武裝所發射3枚巡航導彈及多架無人機。國防部表示，未能確定攻擊目標，但導彈和無人機來自也門，沿紅海向北飛行，有可能針對以色列，事件中並無美軍或平民受傷。[94]

另外有报道提到《以色列时报》援引《华尔街日报》，称沙特阿拉伯于10月25日的上周拦截了疑似也门胡塞武装向以色列发射的一枚巡航导弹。[95][96]

胡塞武裝對此未有回應，惟早前曾警告若果美國直接介入以巴衝突，該組織將加入哈马斯的行動[94]。

2023年11月20日，胡塞武装在红海扣押以色列商船“银河指挥官”号。[97]

恐怖主义指控

沙特阿拉伯、阿联酋、巴林和以色列均已明確表示胡塞运动为恐怖主义組織。

2021年美国撤銷了僅歷一個月針對胡塞运动的恐怖主義指控。

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外部連結