㚻姦

㚻姦,亦作雞姦,指男性与男性之间的性行为。

至今还有一些国家将鸡奸定性为犯罪,但也有许多国家已经废除或不予执行這些法律[1][2]

汉语

明代文人沈德符在其《萬曆野獲編》補遺卷三記載:

閩人酷重男色,無論貴賤妍媸,各以其類相結,長者為契兄,少者為契弟。其兄入弟家,弟之父母撫愛之如婿,弟後日生計及娶妻諸費,俱取辦於契兄。其相愛者,年過而立,尚寢處如伉儷,至有他淫而告訐者,名曰㚻奸。㚻字不見韻書,蓋閩人所自撰……[3]

清朝文人袁枚在其《隨園隨筆》中提到:

楊氏《正韵箋》:「律有㚻奸之條,音雞,將男作女也。」今男淫為雞奸,誤矣。[4]

康熙字典》也根據此收錄「㚻」字。

英文

一張十七世紀的通緝令,十名男性遭阿姆斯特丹當局以所多瑪之罪的罪名通緝

英语中 sodomy 一词(性悖軌,或音译为所多瑪)指中世紀基督教神學中非屬於神學自然法規範的性行為,一般指男性与男性之间的肛交行为[5][2][6]。也可能指女性与女性之间的性行为,男性与女性之间的口交、肛交行为,或人类与动物之间的性行為[1]

廣義來說,凡是人類非生殖性的性行為(non-coital sexual acts),包括自慰、互相手淫口交肛交避孕性行為等都包含在內[7][8]

語源

François Elluin
所多玛城招致耶和華的怒氣(1781)

sodomy”一词来源于《創世記》中所多瑪與蛾摩拉的故事[9]。 这个词是由彼得·达米安在11世纪创造,用来取代《聖經》中的“sin of Sodom”, 彼得最初把手淫行为也包括在sodomy这个词的范围内[10]

“sin of Sodom”來自於《圣经》创世纪第18、19章中耶和華亞伯拉罕的故事。耶和華认为所多瑪與蛾摩拉(Sodom and Gomorrah,是古代巴勒斯坦的城市)被道德败坏且罪恶深重的人群占据,所以,耶和華告诉亚伯拉罕他要毁掉这两个城市。亚伯拉罕替居住在两个城市的人求情,最后耶和華同意,如果能在城市里找到10个清白的人,他就宽恕整个城市。于是,耶和華派了两个天使去考察所多玛,他们受到所多玛最后一个清白的人、亞伯拉罕的小舅羅得的热情款待。可是在天使要睡觉的时候,所多玛的居民围住了羅得的房子,要求和羅得的“客人”发生性关系。

根據今日歷史學家的考證,過去在新月沃土的居民有對敵軍的俘虜进行強姦的行为,以表示自己把對方打敗的意思。羅得為兩位天使求情,並提議把兩個仍然是处女的女兒任這些人淫辱,但被居民拒絕。於是天使们施法让这些人看不见,但居民摸着黑试图闯进屋里来。于是天使让羅得和他的家人离开了这座城市,然后毁了它。

现代神学家用不同的方式解释圣经,例如將其罪行歸之於所多瑪與蛾摩拉的居民對天使(客人)有強姦企圖,以及喪失「待客之道」。不过伯多祿·達彌盎认为是因为“男性间的性欲望”(中世紀的基督教神學認為性行為若不用於生育,包括口交、手淫等,不合乎耶和華對人類的性規定),致使耶和華毁掉了那两个城市[10]

英国

在16、17世纪的英国,有雞姦(sodomy)的人被称为「sodomite」。Sodomite这个词与现代意义上的同性恋homosexual)在語意上是不同的,因為「雞姦」不局限於同性恋者身上,更不限於男同性戀者

当西方社会在19世纪开始使用同性恋这一名词的时候,同性间的性行为被重新定义为不同个体之本质特点的正常反应。而且,人们一般认为,同性恋间的性行为带有稳定性和长久性。而sodomite,則是一种临时、偶發的行为。

參見

参考资料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Nicholas C. Edsall. Toward Stonewall: Homosexuality and Society in the Modern Western World. University of Virginia Press. 2006: 3–4 [September 21, 2013]. ISBN 0813925436. (原始内容存档于2020-12-15). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Colin Sumner. The Blackwell Companion to Criminology. John Wiley & Sons. 2008: 310–320 [September 21, 2013]. ISBN 0470998954. (原始内容存档于2016-09-01). 
  3. ^ 《萬曆野獲編·補遺三》. 中國哲學書電子化計劃. 
  4. ^ 《卷十七辨訛類(上)》. 中國哲學書電子化計劃. [2023-07-16]. 
  5. ^ 美聯邦最高法院研議性悖軌法是否違憲. [2019-09-15]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-06). sodomy,「性悖軌」一詞是參考張志維1996年中外文學第289期中的譯法。Sodomy一般指的是肛交,原意專指男性和男性之間的肛交,在古代是宗教上的處罰行為,sodomy law的出發點也是為了定罪於男同性戀,但制定法律需要一些說辭,因此從教會觀點羅織某些性行為是悖離常軌、不自然(違反生殖原則)的...而且不只存在同性、也可能存在異性、夫妻之間 
  6. ^ Sullivan, Andrew. Unnatural Law. The New Republic. March 24, 2003 [November 27, 2009]. (原始内容存档于2010-07-02). Since the laws had rarely been enforced against heterosexuals, there was no sense of urgency about their repeal.  (Or Sullivan, Andrew. Unnatural Law. The New Republic. 2003-03-24, 228 (11). )
  7. ^ Andrew Sullivan. Unnatural Law. The New Republic. 2003 [2019-09-15]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-06). It's worth noting, then, that from the very beginning sodomy and homosexuality were two categorically separate things. The correct definition of sodomy--then and now--is simply non-procreative sex, whether practiced by heterosexuals or homosexuals. It includes oral sex, masturbation, mutual masturbation, contraceptive sex, coitus interruptus, and anal sex--any sex in which semen does not find its way into a uterus. So it's perhaps unsurprising that Jordan's research doesn't discover the actual nouns "sodomy" and "sodomite" until the eleventh century. The first and most influential polemic against it was the hermit monk Peter Damian's Book of Gomorrah. Given the period's expansive definition of sodomy (it did, after all, include masturbation), it's not surprising that Damian believed it was rife. But his particular fixation--which has persisted in religious teachings ever since--is with same-sex male sodomy. 
  8. ^ Quibian Salazar-Moreno. Weird sex laws in the U.S.. [2019-09-15]. (原始内容存档于2021-10-09). Up until 1962, sodomy was considered a felony and, in some states, oral sex, adultery and masturbation fell under the sodomy laws. 
  9. ^ J. D. Douglas, Merrill C. Tenney. Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Zondervan. 2011: 1584 pages [September 21, 2013]. ISBN 0310492351. (原始内容存档于2016-09-01). 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Andrew Sullivan. Unnatural Law. The New Republic. 2003 [2019-09-15]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-06). It's worth noting, then, that from the very beginning sodomy and homosexuality were two categorically separate things. The correct definition of sodomy--then and now--is simply non-procreative sex, whether practiced by heterosexuals or homosexuals. It includes oral sex, masturbation, mutual masturbation, contraceptive sex, coitus interruptus, and anal sex--any sex in which semen does not find its way into a uterus. So it's perhaps unsurprising that Jordan's research doesn't discover the actual nouns "sodomy" and "sodomite" until the eleventh century. The first and most influential polemic against it was the hermit monk Peter Damian's Book of Gomorrah. Given the period's expansive definition of sodomy (it did, after all, include masturbation), it's not surprising that Damian believed it was rife. But his particular fixation--which has persisted in religious teachings ever since--is with same-sex male sodomy.