IMininingo
Ekuphishekeleni ulwazi, imininingo iyiqoqo lamanani ahlukene adlulisa ukwaziswa, achaza ubuningi, izinga, iqiniso, izibalo, eminye imivo eyisisekelo yencazelo, noma uhide lwezimpawu ezingase zihlakahlwe ngokuqhubekayo . Umniningo uyisimo ngasinye eqoqweni lemininingo. Imininigo ngokuvamile ihlelwa yaba izinhlaka ezifana namacansi anikeza umongo nencazelo eyengeziwe, futhi zingase zisetshenziswe njengemininigo ezinhlakeni ezinkulu. Imininingo ingasetshenziswa njengeziguquki enqubweni yokucikiza . Iminingo ingase imelele amasu ayizicabango noma izilinganiso eziphathekayo. Imininingo ivame ukusetshenziswa ocwaningweni lwesayensi, ezezimali, cishe nakuzo zonke ezinye izinhlobo zemsebenzi engokwenhlangano yabantu. Izibonelo zamaqoqo emininingo zifaka izintengo zesitoko, amazinga obugebengu, amazinga okungasebenzi, amazinga emfundo, nemininingo yokubalwa kwabantu . Imininingo imelela amaqiniso angahleliwe kanye nezibalo ezingasetshenziswa ngendlela eyenza kugcinwe ukwaziswa okuwusizo kuwo.
Imininingo iqoqwa kusetshenziswa ubuchule obufana nokulinganisa, ukuqapha, ukubuza, noma ukuhlaziya, kanye imvama ngokumelelwa amanani noma izimpawu nazo ngokuqhubekayo ezingahidaniswa. Imininingo yasebaleni iyimininingo eqoqwe esimweni esingalawuleki. Imininingo yomgcanso iwumniningo ophehlwe enkambisweni yomgcanso wenzululwazi olawulwayo. Imininingo ihlaziywa ngokusebenzisa ubuchule obufana noqaqululo, ukuhluza, ukuxoxa, ukwethula, ukukhangelisa (visualization), noma ezinye izinhlobo zangemva kwenhlaziyo. Ngaphambi kwenhlaziyo, imininingo engahluziwe imvama iyahlanzwa:
Imininingo ingabukwa njengezingcezu ezincane zokwaziswa okuyisiminya engasetshenziswa njengesiseko sokuqaqulula, ukuhluza, noma ukuxoxa. Imininingo ingahluka kusuka kumasu ayimikhanyango (abstract ideas) kuya ezilinganisweni zoqobo, kuhlanganisa nezibalomniningo (statistics). Imininingo exhunywe ngezihloko eyethulwa ngomongo ofanelekayo ingathathwa njengokwaziswa. Izingcezu zokwaziswa ezixhunywe ngokwengwikithi zingachaziswa ngokuthi ubuhlakani bemininingo. Umqongelelo wobuhlakani obuqoqekayo emva kwesikhathi obuphumela ekudidiyelweni kwemininingo kube ukwaziswa, ungachaziswa ngokuthi ulwazi. Imininingo seyichaziswe "njengamafutha amasha umnotho wezezibhangqiwe". Imininingo, njengesicabango esibanzi, ubhekisela esiminyweni sokuthi kukhona ukwaziswa noma ulwazi olumelelwa noma oluhuqukezelwe esimweni esifanele ukusetshenziswa kangcono.
Izintuthukiso kwezobuchwepheshe zokucikza seziholele ekufikeni kwemininingo emikhulu, okuvame ukubhekisela kwimingakonani emikhulu yemininingi, evame ukuba semlinganisweni wepetabyte. Ngokusebenzisa izindlelasu zokuhlaziya ezijwayelekile, kuba nzima ukusebenza ngamaqoqomniningo amakhulu njengalawa. Ekusabeleni kulenkinga, umkhakha osemusha wenzululwazi yesicikizi usebenzisa ukufunda kwenguxa nezinye izindlelasu (zohlakahlisombulu) ezivumela ukusetshenziswa okufanele kwezindlelasu zokuhkaziya imininingo emikhulu.