Aadloun

Aadloun
عدلون
town
Aadloun is located in Lebanon
Aadloun
Aadloun
Location in Lebanon
Coordinates: 33°24′14″N 35°16′26″E / 33.40389°N 35.27389°E / 33.40389; 35.27389
Country Lebanon
GovernorateSouth Governorate
DistrictSidon District
Elevation
[1]
300 ft (100 m)
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Aadloun I, II, III & IV
Alternative nameAbri Zumoffen (Aadloun I), Bezez Cave, Mugharet el Bzaz (Aadloun II)
History
PeriodsEarly Yarbrudian (Acheulio-Yarbrudian), Levalloiso-Mousterian, Upper Paleolithic, Heavy Neolithic
CulturesPaleolithic, Neolithic, Phoenician
Site notes
Excavation dates1898, 1900, 1908, 1958, 1963
ArchaeologistsGodefroy Zumoffen,
Dorothy Garrod,
Diana Kirkbride
ConditionRuins
ManagementDirectorate General of Antiquities
Public accessNo

Aadloun, Adloun or Adlun (Arabic: عدلون) is a coastal town in South Lebanon, 17 kilometres (11 mi) south of Sidon famous for its cultivation of watermelons. It is also the site of a Phoenician necropolis and prehistoric caves where four archaeological sites have been discovered and dated to the Stone Age.[2] The evidence of human occupation of Abri Zumoffen (or Aadloun I) has been dated as far back as 71,000 BCE with occupation of Bezez Cave (Aadloun II) dating back even further into the earlier Middle Paleolithic.[3]

Prehistoric sites

Aadloun I

Aadloun I or Abri Zumoffen is a low cave and terrace at the foot of a cliff near a beach. It was discovered and sounded by Godefroy Zumoffen in 1898, 1900 and 1908 who found material thought to be either Acheulean or Mousterian. Dorothy Garrod suggested similarities existed to a final Acheulean (or Yarbrudian) industry of Tabun E. Along with Diana Kirkbride, she re-opened excavations in 1958 with another season in 1963 and found a pre-Aurignacian (Garrod's Amudian) blade industry in the deposits.[4][5] D. A. Hooijer discussed the fauna of the site suggesting it included game animals and rhino.[6] Materials from the site are now in collections of the Saint Joseph University, Beirut and the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge. The site is now owned by the Directorate General of Antiquities but the previous land owner carried out private digging that has spread deposits from the Aadloun II cave site over the area creating a false layer.[2]

Aadloun II

Aadloun II, Bezez Cave or Mugharet el Bzaz is a cave on the east of the road heading to Tyre set into a cliff at an altitude of approximately 17 metres (56 ft) above sea level. It was first sounded with little result in 1898 by Godefroy Zumoffen. A major excavation was undertaken in 1963 by Diana Kirkbride and Dorothy Garrod who determined a sequence stretching through the Yarbrudian, Levalloiso-Mousterian, Upper Paleolithic and on into the Heavy Neolithic. Materials from the excavations were to be held by Saint Joseph University and the American University of Beirut. The site is owned by the Directorate General of Antiquities and a gate was fixed over the mouth of the cave for protection.[2] Three distinct levels were determined. Level C was called Acheuleo-Yarbrudian with materials found that resembled level E at Tabun Cave. Level B was called Levalloiso-Mousterian and compared with level D of Tabun. Level C encompassed the Upper Paleolithic and onwards.[3]

Aadloun III

Aadloun III is a site approximately 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) south of Aadloun with a Chalcolithic (Enéolithique) industry that was found by P. E. Gigues.[2]

Aadloun IV

Aadloun IV was found by P. E. Gigues on the terraces below the village near the caves that have been damaged by quarrying. Local farmers have recovered several fine Neolithic and Chalcolithic tools from this area that are held by Saint Joseph University. Dr. Gigues collection was held in Beirut by a relative who charged a fee for showing it after his retirement to Morocco.[2]

Materials recovered

The Aadloun stele in 1843

Lorraine Copeland made a collection of mostly Heavy Neolithic flints from the site in 1966. Amongst the finds were massive trapezoidal axes, chisels, a chopper, points, a pick, rough scrapers, blades, cores and hammerstones. The finds led Andrew Moore to suggest that Bezez cave was a factory site for such tools.[7]

Modern era

In 1875 Victor Guérin noted that Aadloun "consists of 350 inhabitants, all Muslims. Cisterns carved into the rock and many ashlars of ancient appearance seem to prove that it succeeded an older locality."[8]

Notable people

References

  1. ^ Aadloun, localiban
  2. ^ a b c d e Copeland, Lorraine; P. Wescombe (1965). Inventory of Stone-Age sites in Lebanon, pp. 63-64. Imprimerie Catholique. Retrieved 21 July 2011.[permanent dead link]
  3. ^ a b Copeland, Lorraine., The Middle Palaeolithic of Adlun and Ras el Kelb (Lebanon) : First results from a study of the flint industries, Paléorient, 1978, Volume 4, No. 4, pp. 33-57, 1978.
  4. ^ Garrod, Dorothy & Kirkbride, Diana., Excavation of a Paleolithic Rock-shelter at Adlun, Lebanon, Acts of the 5th C.I.S.P.P., Hamburg, 1958.
  5. ^ Garrod, Dorothy & Kirkbride, Diana., Excavation of Abri Zumoffen, a Paleolithic Rock-shelter near Adloun, in southern Lebanon, 1958, Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth, volume 16, 1961
  6. ^ Hooijer, D.A., The Fossil Vertebrates of Ksar Akil, a Palaeolithic Rock-Shelter in the Lebanon, Zoloögische Verhandelgingen, 49, 1, 1961.
  7. ^ Moore, A.M.T. (1978). The Neolithic of the Levant. Oxford University, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. pp. 447–448.
  8. ^ Guérin, 1880, p. 475: "A trois heures trente minutes, je monte vers l'est au village d'A'dloun, que j'atteins à trois heures trente minutes. Il se compose de 350 habitants, tous Musulmans. Des citernes creusées dans le roc et beaucoup de pierres de taille d'apparence antique semblent prouver qu'il a succédé à une localité plus ancienne."
  9. ^ "Global Sports Archive". globalsportsarchive.com. Retrieved 2020-11-23.

Bibliography

External links