Hordeum

Hordeum
Hordeum vulgare f. distichon
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Pooideae
Supertribe: Triticodae
Tribe: Triticeae
Genus: Hordeum
L.[1]
Type species
Hordeum vulgare
Synonyms[4]
  • Critesion Raf.
  • Critho E.Mey.
  • Zeocriton Wolf

Hordeum is a genus of annual and perennial plants in the grass family. The species are native throughout the temperate regions of Africa, Eurasia, and the Americas.

Taxonomy

Species

Species include:[4][5][6][7]

  • Hordeum aegiceras – Mongolia, China including Tibet
  • Hordeum arizonicum US (CA AZ NV NM), Mexico (Baja California, Sonora, Durango)
  • Hordeum bogdanii – from Turkey and European Russia to Mongolia
  • Hordeum brachyantherum – Russia (Kuril, Kamchatka), Alaska, Canada including Yukon, US (mostly in the West but also scattered locales in the East), Baja California
  • Hordeum brachyatherum – Chile
  • Hordeum brevisubulatum – European Russia; temperate and subarctic Asia from Turkey and the Urals to China and Magadan
  • Hordeum bulbosum – Mediterranean, Central Asia
  • Hordeum californicum – US (CA; OR; NV)
  • Hordeum capense – South Africa, Lesotho
  • Hordeum chilense – Argentina, Chile (including Juan Fernández Is)
  • Hordeum comosum – Argentina, Chile
  • Hordeum cordobense – northern Argentina
  • Hordeum depressum – US (CA; OR; WA; ID; NV), British Columbia, Baja California
  • Hordeum distichon – Iraq
  • Hordeum erectifolium – northern Argentina
  • Hordeum euclaston – Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina
  • Hordeum flexuosum – Uruguay, Argentina
  • Hordeum fuegianum – Tierra del Fuego
  • Hordeum guatemalense – Guatemala
  • Hordeum halophilum – Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Peru
  • Hordeum intercedens (bobtail barley) – California, Baja California
  • Hordeum jubatum (foxtail barley) – widespread in US and Canada; Asiatic Russia, Inner Mongolia, Central Asia, Caucasus
  • Hordeum × lagunculciforme – Iraq, Turkmenistan, Himalayas, western China
  • Hordeum lechleri – Argentina, Chile
  • Hordeum marinum (sea barley) – Europe, North Africa, southwestern and central Asia
  • Hordeum murinum (wall barley) – Canary Islands, Europe, North Africa, southwestern and central Asia
  • Hordeum muticum – Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Peru
  • Hordeum parodii – Argentina
  • Hordeum patagonicum – Argentina, Chile
  • Hordeum × pavisii – France
  • Hordeum procerum – Argentina
  • Hordeum pubiflorum – Argentina, Chile
  • Hordeum pusillum (little barley) – widespread in Canada and US; northern Mexico, Bermuda, Argentina
  • Hordeum roshevitzii – China, Korea, Primorye, Mongolia, Siberia, Kazakhstan
  • Hordeum secalinum – Europe, Mediterranean, Caucasus
  • Hordeum spontaneum – from Greece and Egypt to central China
  • Hordeum stenostachys – Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, South Africa
  • Hordeum tetraploidum – Argentina, Chile
  • Hordeum vulgare (barley) – native to the Middle East, now cultivated in many countries

Formerly included species

Botanists now regard many species as better suited to other genera:[4] Arrhenatherum, Crithopsis, Dasypyrum, Elymus, Eremopyrum, Hordelymus, Leymus, Psathyrostachys, and Taeniatherum.

Etymology

The name Hordeum comes from the Latin word for "to bristle" (horreō, horrēre),[8] and is akin to the word "horror".

Distribution

The species are native throughout the temperate regions of Africa, Eurasia, and the Americas.[9][10][11][12][13]

Ecology

Hordeum species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the flame, rustic shoulder-knot and setaceous Hebrew character.

Some species have become weeds introduced worldwide by human activities, others have become endangered due to habitat loss.

Uses

One species, H. vulgare (barley), has become of major commercial importance as a cereal grain, used as fodder crop and for malting in the production of beer and whiskey.

References

  1. ^ Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 1: 84–85
  2. ^ lectotype designated by Bowden, Wray M. (1959). "The Taxonomy and Nomenclature of the Wheats, Barleys, and Ryes and Their Wild Relatives". Canadian Journal of Botany. 37 (4): 657–684. doi:10.1139/b59-053.
  3. ^ Tropicos, Hordeum L.
  4. ^ a b c Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  5. ^ Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps
  6. ^ The Plant List search for Hordeum
  7. ^ "Hordeum L." Atlas of Living Australia. Archived from the original on 2015-02-01. Retrieved 2015-02-01.
  8. ^ "hordeum noun". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
  9. ^ Flora of China Vol. 22 Page 395 大麦属 da mai shu Hordeum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 84. 1753.
  10. ^ Flora of Pakistan
  11. ^ Altervista Flora Italiana genere Hordeum includes photos + distribution maps of several species
  12. ^ Cabi, E.; Doğan, M. (2012). "Poaceae". In A. Güner; S. Aslan; T. Ekim; M. Vural; M. T. Babaç (eds.). Türkiye Bitkileri Listesi. Istanbul: Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi ve Flora Araştırmaları Derneği Yayını. pp. 690–756.
  13. ^ Pohl, R. W.; Davidse, G. (1994). "60. Hordeum L.". In G. Davidse; M. Sousa Sánchez; A. O. Chater (eds.). Alismataceae a Cyperaceae. Flora Mesoamericana. Vol. 6. México, D. F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. p. 247.
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