Santa Clara, Lisbon

Santa Clara
Civil parish
Clockwise: Campo das Amoreiras; Igreja de Santana; Igreja de Charneca; Ameixoeira metro station ; Azulejos in Santa Clara; Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Encarnação Ameixoeira
Coordinates: 38°47′06″N 9°08′35″W / 38.785°N 9.143°W / 38.785; -9.143
Country Portugal
RegionLisbon
Metropolitan areaLisbon
DistrictLisbon
MunicipalityLisbon
Area
 • Total3.36 km2 (1.30 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)
 • Total23,645
 • Density7,000/km2 (18,000/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC±00:00 (WET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+01:00 (WEST)
Websitehttps://www.jf-santaclara.pt/

Santa Clara (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈsɐ̃tɐ ˈklaɾɐ]) is a freguesia (civil parish) and district of Lisbon, the capital of Portugal. Located in northern Lisbon, Santa Clara is north of Lumiar, west of Olivais, and directly south of Lisbon's border with Odivelas and Loures. The population in 2021 was 23,645.[1][2]

History

Antiquity (up to 711 CE)

Cruzeiro in Santa Clara

Since prehistoric times, the territory now known as Santa Clara parish has been inhabited by humans, leaving behind a trail of archaeological evidence dating from the Paleolithic to the Chalcolithic era. It is even suggested that the Ameixoeira Fort stands on the remains of a Chalcolithic settlement, and Celtic tombs were discovered in the vicinity.[3][4]

Furthermore, Roman influence is substantiated by the discovery of an altar or stele, with a likely 3rd-century inscription, unearthed in 1720 in the Várzea de Santa Suzana.[5][6]

Muslim rule (711 CE - 1147 CE)

Coat of arms of the former parish of Charneca

During the Muslim rule of the Iberian Peninsula between the 8th and 12th centuries, the occupation intensified with the consolidation of small homesteads and the development of orchards and gardens.

From the Muslim period, some remnants endure, such as the "covas" (caves), underground granaries or silos, along with various legendary reminiscences. These include the tale of the Moorish figure Mixo or Amixo founding the settlement, and the account of the battle fought between Moors and Christians. Additionally, there is the story of how the Christians discovered the image of Our Lady concealed in a hidden nook.[7][8][9][10]

At the time of the conquest of Lisbon, the number of local residents was already significant, and they were joined by many Moors who were either expelled from the city or left voluntarily. Christians and Muslims eventually merged in a short time, erasing religious and cultural differences.[11][12]

Kingdom of Portugal and incorporation into Lisbon (1147 - 1885)

Coat of arms of the former parish of Ameixoeira

On July 24, 1385, D. João I granted perpetual rights and inheritance of vineyards and their accompanying lands, located beyond the boundaries of Lisbon, to "Afom priz da charneca caualeiro nosso uasallo." These vineyards were specifically situated "aallem d aRoyos caminho da charneca," and they were known to be associated with Lisbon city's vineyard.[13][14]

During the 15th century, Santa Clara (Ameixoeira) gained some prominence and housed a hospice for the destitute and pilgrims. On June 22, 1476, following a prolonged dispute with the University of Lisbon, the parish of Charneca de Sacavém was officially delimited for the first time, thereby ending its annexation to that parish.[15] In 1514 the Quinta of Our Lady of Carmo was built.[16]

Nossa Senhora da Encarnação church

As the 16th century began, Ameixoeira sought to become an independent parish, separating from Lumiar, with which it had been affiliated since 1266. This process was eventually completed on October 16, 1541, with the establishment of the parish, dedicated to Our Lady of the Incarnation. Notably, the oldest parish registry in the municipality of Lisbon dates back to 1540, a time when the parish was not fully disentangled from Lumiar.[17][18][19]

Church at Quinta de Sant'Ana

In 1660, the Fountain of Torrinha, along with its water source, was constructed. From 1664 to 1681, significant renovations were undertaken in the church, including the addition of the chancel, and the ceiling panels were adorned with paintings by Bento Coelho da Silveira. In 1688, while serving as the judge of the Confraternity of Our Lady of the Incarnation of Ameixoeira, the magistrate Gonçalo Mendes de Brito financed the installation of tiles in the nave, and he personally funded the construction of the main altarpiece.[16] The XVI Century saw also the establishment of Igreja de São Bartolomeu (Saint Bartholomew church).[20]

The devastating earthquake of 1755 wrought substantial destruction, affecting both the church and the residential and agricultural properties in the parish.

Throughout the 19th century, Ameixoeira seems to have been a favored locale for duels of honor among the citizens of Lisbon, and it also saw the construction of the Ameixoeira Fort.[21][22]

In 1852, the parishes of Charneca and Ameixoeira were incorporated into the newly established municipality of Olivais. Thirty-three years later, in 1885, it once again became part of the municipality of Lisbon. Under the old administrative division, it was part of the province of Estremadura.

Urbanization and new boundaries (1885-2012)

Santa Cecília Music Academy

The majority of the several zones in which the freguesia is divided, namely Quinta da Torrinha, Desvío, Galinheiras, Alto do chapeleiro, Quinta das lavadeiras , Quinta das Mouriscas and the new zones Alta de Lisboa and Quinta do Grafanil date from the second half of the XX century.[23]

Aerial orthography from 1995 centered on Quinta da Musgueira, showing the extent of the Musgueira North and South neighborhoods

In the 20th century, Ameixoeira parish faced a period of decline, with its historic infrastructure deteriorating. To address this, social housing projects were established to relocate residents from nearby shantytowns, including Charneca, Cruz Vermelha, Vale do Forno, Odivelas, Quinta do Louro, Musgueira Sul, Musgueira Norte and Galinheiras. These initiatives, centered in the Galinheiras area, also included subsidized housing for young people. New developments like Alta de Lisboa transformed the traditionally rural and peaceful character of the parish, leading to it being considered a problematic area. It was even part of the European LUDA project, which aimed to identify and solve challenges in distressed urban areas.[24][25][26][27][28][29]

Modern azulejos in Santa Clara

On the other hand, before the 1959 administrative reform of Lisbon, the Charneca parish covered a larger area, extending south and east. However, after the reform, the eastern region was reassigned to the Santa Maria dos Olivais parish due to its integration into the Lisbon Airport expansion, while the southern area was divided among the Lumiar parish and the newly created Alvalade and São João de Brito parishes. The territory of the parish is adjacent to one of the runways of Lisbon Airport.

Since the 1960s, the territory of the parish is crossed by the A1 highway and in 1978 the first campus of Instituto Superior de Gestão (ISG) was inaugurated in the former parish of Ameixoeira (now part of Santa Clara).[30]

Modern azulejos in Santa Clara

In 1993 the Portuguese gothic metal band Moonspell - formed in 1992 - performed their first show in the said parish. They quickly became the most recognizable metal band from Portugal and a key figure in gothic metal.[31]

Park in Santa Clara

In 1993 a major program for the eradication of shantytowns - who had remarkably grown following the influx of refugees from African colonies in the late 1970s and early 1980s, began.[32][33][34] This program was called Programa Especial de Realojamento (PER) or, in English "Special Rehousing Program", aimed to relocate residents of slums in the 28 municipalities of the metropolitan areas of Lisbon and Porto, being the largest public housing promotion program in Portugal since the 25th of April. The relocation program was highly beneficial for Lisbon: in 1993 there were still 37,300 people living in shantytowns in the capital city alone and around 130,000 the whole country (1.3% of the population).[35][36][37][38][39][40] Santa Clara was amongst the freguesias more affected by the PER program and, by 2007, thousands of people who previously lived in precarious dwellings had been relocated to more suitable ones.[41] In particular, in Santa Clara parish alone, around 8,415 people now live in a house built during the PER years, or around 35.6% of the population.[42][43]

Parque Oeste, Lisbon

In 1997 the "Alta de Lisboa Centro" neighbourhood was built. Housing around 5,300 people in 84 buildings and almost 2,000 apartments, it is one of the largest public housing projects ever built in Portugal. It was built where 3 large slums - namely Musgueira Norte, Musgueira Sul e Quinta Grande - existed.[39][41]

In 1998 the Túnel do Grilo was opened.[44]

Túnel do Grilo in 1998

In 2003 the neighbourhoods of "Alto do Chapeleiro", "Quinta das lavandeiras" and "Bairro da Ameixoeira" were completed: they currently house more than 3,100 people in 110 buildings and more than 1,000 apartments. They were built were once stood the slums of Galinheiras, Quinta do Louro, Pailepa, Vale do Forno, Calvanas, Alto dos Moinhos.[41]

In 2006 Parque Oeste, a park with an area of 13 hectares, was inaugurated. It has a privileged location, in a valley area, it performs a fundamental ecological function, through a retention basin that allows the use of rainwater to feed water courses, water the large lawns and sustainably maintain all existing vegetation in the area. park, a clear example of rational use of water.[45] In the same year, the Ameixoeira Fort - reconstructed in 1950 and serving as a warehouse up to 1989 - was assigned to the Portuguese Intelligence Services.[46][47]

Infrastructure development (2012 - present)

Adjustments, which took place in 2012, to the boundaries of the parish of Santa Clara

The freguesia was created with the 2012 Administrative Reform of Lisbon, merging the former Charneca and Ameixoeira parishes.[48]

Botero sculpture in Santa Clara

In 2017 a new municipal firefighters' command was opened, aiming at serving almost 75,000 inhabitants in northern Lisbon.[49]

In 2020 Alta retail park - a project for a commercial area worth 35 million € and covering a surface of 22,000 square meters - was inaugurated, contributing to the revitalization of the area.[50][51][52] Also in 2020 the residential project "Altear" was conceived. Works have started and are planned to deliver 120,000 square meters divided between more than 500 luxury residential units, commercial areas and offices.[53][54][55][56]

In 2021 the cultural centre Quinta Alegre – Lugar de Cultura was established in the parish.[20] Amongst other institutions located here one can also find Saint Cecilia music academy (Academia de Música de Santa Cecília).

View of south Santa Clara
Avenue lined with palm trees in Santa Clara

In 2023 a new section of Eixo Central (Central axis) was opened. In January 2023 Lisbon mayor Carlos Moedas announced also the construction of over 2,000 homes for affordable housing in the upcoming years.[57][58]

Santa Clara, once a neglected parish, is now being revitalised also thanks to the contribution of numerous cultural associations located there including Ameixoeira Community Development Center (Centro de Desenvolvimento Comunitário Ameixoeira), Pedro Arrupe Centre, Sindicato Nacional da Polícia (SINAPOL), Associação Lusofonia Cultura e Cidadania, CulturFACE - Cultural Association for Development and Centro de Desenvolvimento Comunitário da Charneca (CDC Charneca) amongst others.[59][60][61][62][63]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1864990—    
18781,100+11.1%
18901,479+34.5%
19011,420−4.0%
19111,782+25.5%
19201,616−9.3%
19304,321+167.4%
19404,510+4.4%
19505,726+27.0%
19605,319−7.1%
197113,911+161.5%
198120,578+47.9%
199120,177−1.9%
200120,153−0.1%
201121,798+8.2%
202123,645+8.5%
Source: INE[64]

Between 1864 and 1878 Charneca and Ameixoeira belonged to the extinct municipality of Olivais. The limits were set by Law n.º 56/2012, of November 8.

In 1890, little after Charneca and Ameixoeira were incorporated into Lisbon, the total population stood at 1,479. In 1970, 80 years later, the population had grown to 13,911, recording a 940.6% growth rate.

The two former parishes experienced continued growth in 1980 Census (when many people coming from the former Portuguese colonies in Africa - the so called retornados - moved to Portugal) up to 2011. From 1970 to 2011 the two parishes that now constitute Santa Clara gained 7,887 people, recording a 56.7% growth rate. The 2012 Portuguese administrative reform meant that the population rose further to 22,480 since minor portions of Olivais and Lumiar were incorporated into the newly formed parish. [65]

The proportion of senior citizens, defined as those older than 65, has been steadily increasing in recent years. If they represented 14.34% of the population in 2011, their share increased to 16.37% in 2021. As of 2021 the parish had a population of 23,645.

Population by Age Group according to the latest census[66]
Ano 0-14 Anos 15-24 Anos 25-64 Anos > 65 Anos
2011 4,142 2,761 12,352 3,224
2021 4,462 2,882 12,430 3,871

Landmarks

Ameixoeira Garden
Calvary in Santa Clara
Parque Oeste in Santa Clara
Ameixoeira garden
Park
  • Academia de Música de Santa Cecília, hosted in Palácio da Quinta do Ministro
  • Campo das Amoreiras
  • Casal da Nossa Senhora da Saúde: Historic house now propriety of an order of Spanish nuns, changing its name to "Cottolengo do Padre Alegre - Casa da Divina Providência"[67]
  • Fort of Ameixoeira (Forte da Ameixoeira): also known as the King Carlos I Fort, was built in 1901. It currently serves as the headquarters of the Serviço de Informações de Segurança (SIS), the Portuguese Security and Intelligence Service. It was constructed as part of the Campo Entrincheirado (Entrenched Field), a group of fortifications built at the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century to protect Lisbon against possible invasion.[68][69][70]
  • Igreja de Santana (Santana church)
  • Igreja Matriz da Ameixoeira (Ameixoeira church). The church is also known as Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Encarnação (Nossa Senhora da Encarnação church): The construction of this temple, likely preceding 1500, saw significant development from 1536 onward, coinciding with the creation of the parish NS da Encarnação. Construction phases occurred in the 17th century XVII, culminating with the completion of the main chapel in 1685, and in the 18th century XVIII following the 1755 earthquake. Classified as a Property of Public Interest, it showcases Portuguese Baroque architecture
  • Igreja de Nossa Senhora de Fátima (Our Lady of Fátima church)
  • Igreja de São Bartolomeu da Charneca (Saint Bartholomew church): This 17th-century church, erected in 1685 on the original parish grounds, incorporates elements from the 16th century, such as Manueline fonts, Gothic tombstones, and Mannerist wood paintings. Its facade, with three distinct sections, houses a Baptistery, bell tower, and a central body adorned with exquisite interior decor, including tile panels and canvases.[71]
  • Porta gótica da Azinhaga da cidade
  • Parte das antigas muralhas da cidade de Lisboa
  • Quinta Alegre (or Quinta dos Marqueses de Alegrete) [pt]: palace, with simple architecture in the late-Baroque style , has a rectangular plan and two floors, with wrought iron balconies on the upper floor. The mansion has stonework corners in the corners and pilasters in the walls. Many tiles placed in the second half of the 18th century stand out in the interior and courtyard. In 1819, when the owner of the farm was José Bento de Araújo, the interior ceilings and walls were decorated with high quality neoclassical paintings. In 1983, the farm was purchased by Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Lisboa and rehabilitated in 2017. Although private, it is now possible for citizens to visit this palace.
  • Quinta de Santa Clara[72]
  • Quinta Santa Anna
  • Quinta Santo André[72]
  • Quinta Nossa Senhora do Carmo: Historic building dating from 1514[73]
  • Quinta Loureiro[72]
  • Quinta Santo António: Historic building adorned with azulejos[74]
  • Quinta Catelhana[72]
  • Statue by Fernando Botero displayed in Parque Oeste

Due to the fact that the parish is separated from Lisbon airport by Avenida Santos e Castro, the parish is also popular amongst plane spotters.

Gardens and Parks

Santa Clara hosts several public gardens, often hosting playgrounds or public workout facilities.

Garden in Santa Clara
Artificial waterway in Santa Clara

These include Jardim Maria da Luz Ponces de Carvalho,[75] Jardim do metro,[75] Parque Urbano do Reguengo (with outdoor fitness facilities and a playground),[76][77] Jardim da Paróquia De São Bartolomeu, Jardim da Praceta Fernando Valle, Largo das Galinheiras, Parque Urbano da Quinta de São João Baptista, Parque Oeste (with outdoor fitness facilities, water jets, pedestrian bridge and a playground[76]), Campo das Amoreiras (with outdoor fitness facilities and a playground[76]), Jardim de Santa Clara, Parque Urbano da Rua Raul Rego (with outdoor fitness facilities),[78] Parque Urbano do Alto do Chapeleiro (with outdoor fitness facilities, Jardim da Ameixoeira and Parque agricola da Alta de Lisboa.[78][75]

The biggest park in the parish is Parque Urbano do Vale da Ameixoeira: covering 20 hectares, it is also equipped with recreation areas, Picnic Park, Skate Park, Children's playgrounds and Climbing Block.[79]

In recent years there has been a constant investment towards public facilities such as children playgrounds, with many created alongside the development of the parish.

Sport

The neighborhood has many sports facilities, among them the Piscina de Santa Clara (Santa Clara swimming pool), Alto do Lumiar municipal sports complex, Professor Moniz Pereira municipal Athletic track, Polidesportivo das Galinheiras, Polidesportivo Municipal das Torres Edifer as well as other ten municipal sports complexes.[80][81][82][83]

Amongst sports clubs based in the parish one can also find:

  • Clube Recr. Ameixoeirense
  • Grupo Recr. Inter do Desvio
  • Sport União da Torrinha
  • Juventude de Atletismo das Galinheiras
  • Ameixoeira Futsal Clube

Streets

The parish has 135 streets.[84] They are:

  • Alameda António Sérgio
  • Avenida Dr. José Salvado Sampaio
  • Avenida Glicínia Quartin
  • Avenida Nuno Krus Abecasis
  • Avenida Santos e Castro
  • Avenida Sérgio Vieira de Mello
  • Azinhaga da Cidade
  • Azinhaga da Póvoa
  • Azinhaga da Torrinha
  • Azinhaga das Galinheiras
  • Azinhaga de Santa Susana
  • Azinhaga do Beco
  • Azinhaga do Reguengo
  • Azinhaga do Rio
  • Azinhaga dos Milagres
  • Beco dos Ferreiros
  • Calçada de Carriche
  • Calçada do Forte da Ameixoeira
  • Calçada do Poço
  • Campo das Amoreiras
  • Estrada da Ameixoeira
  • Estrada da Circunvalação de Lisboa
  • Estrada da Póvoa
  • Estrada de São Bartolomeu
  • Estrada do Desvio
  • Estrada do Forte da Ameixoeira
  • Estrada do Manique
  • Estrada do Pisa Pimenta
  • Estrada do Poço de Baixo
  • Jardim Maria da Luz Ponces de Carvalho
  • Largo das Galinheiras
  • Largo das Peneireiras
  • Largo do Médico
  • Largo do Ministro
  • Largo do Terreiro
  • Largo dos Defensores da República
  • Praça Dom António Ribeiro
  • Praceta da Quinta de São João Baptista
  • Praceta Fernando Valle
  • Rampa do Mercado
  • Rotunda Almirante Pinheiro de Azevedo
  • Rua Actor Epifânio
  • Rua Alberto Barbosa
  • Rua António Aleixo
  • Rua António Botto
  • Rua António Dacosta
  • Rua António Duarte
  • Rua António Vilar
  • Rua Armando Ferreira
  • Rua Arnaldo Assis Pacheco
  • Rua Artur Ramos
  • Rua Barata Feyo
  • Rua Bernardo Marques
  • Rua Berta Cardoso
  • Rua Blasco Hugo Fernandes
  • Rua Brunilde Júdice
  • Rua Carlos Aboim Inglez
  • Rua Carlos Amaro
  • Rua Carlos Rocha
  • Rua Cidade de Tomar
  • Rua Comandante Fontoura da Costa
  • Rua Constança Capdeville
  • Rua da Assunção às Galinheiras
  • Rua da Quinta das Lavadeiras
  • Rua da Quinta de Santa Susana
  • Rua das Calvanas
  • Rua das Raparigas
  • Rua de Nossa Senhora da Encarnação
  • Rua de São José à Charneca
  • Rua Direita da Ameixoeira
  • Rua do Alto do Chapeleiro
  • Rua do Bairro da Cáritas
  • Rua do Eucalipto às Galinheiras
  • Rua do Grafanil
  • Rua dos Balsares de Baixo
  • Rua dos Sete Céus
  • Rua Eduardo Covas
  • Rua Elina Guimarães
  • Rua Emídio Santana
  • Rua Engº Quartin Graça
  • Rua Fernanda Alves
  • Rua Fernando Cabral
  • Rua Fernando Gusmão
  • Rua Frederico de Brito
  • Rua General França Borges
  • Rua Hein Semke
  • Rua Hermínio da Palma Inácio
  • Rua Hugo Casaes
  • Rua Jaime Relvas
  • Rua Jaime Santos
  • Rua João Amaral
  • Rua João Lourenço Rebelo
  • Rua Joaquim Cordeiro
  • Rua Jorge Croner de Vasconcelos
  • Rua Jorge de Sena
  • Rua José Viana
  • Rua Lino de Carvalho
  • Rua Luís Oliveira Guimarães
  • Rua Luís Sá
  • Rua Maluda (Maria de Lurdes Ribeiro)
  • Rua Mantero Belard
  • Rua Manuel António Gomes
  • Rua Manuel Lopes
  • Rua Manuel Martins da Hora
  • Rua Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo
  • Rua Maria Júdice da Costa
  • Rua Martin Luther King
  • Rua Melo Antunes
  • Rua Norberto Lopes
  • Rua Octávio Pato
  • Rua Pablo Neruda
  • Rua Primeiro de Maio ao Grafanil
  • Rua Prof. Adelino da Palma Carlos
  • Rua Prof. Barahona Fernandes
  • Rua Prof. José Pinto Correia
  • Rua Quinta da Assunção
  • Rua Raul de Carvalho
  • Rua Raúl Portela
  • Rua Raul Rego
  • Rua Reis Pinto
  • Rua Rogério de Moura
  • Rua Rui Coelho
  • Rua Ruy Cinatti
  • Rua Tavares Belo
  • Rua Teresa de Saldanha
  • Rua Tito de Morais
  • Rua Varela Silva
  • Rua Vasco da Gama Fernandes
  • Rua Vasco de Lima Couto
  • Rua Vicente Lusitano
  • Rua Victor Cunha Rego
  • Rua Vitorino Nemésio
  • Rua Wenceslau Pinto
  • Travessa de Santo André à Ameixoeira
  • Travessa de Santo António

Notable people

  • João Fernandes Andeiro [pt] (1320-1383): Galician nobleman who played a very important role in Portuguese political events in the last quarter of the 14th century and became known as Conde Andeiro
  • Afonso Pires da Charneca [pt] (1340-1392): Spanish nobleman and settler who settled in Charneca in the XIV century
  • Martinho Afonso Pires de Miranda [pt] (1360-1416): Bishop of Coimbra and Archbishop of Braga
  • Afonso Pires da Charneca [pt] (1385): Charneca settler
  • Afonso da Guerra [pt] (Late 1300s - 1441): Lisbon alcalde
  • Barnabé de Figueiredo Mascarenhas [pt] (1675-1723): Portuguese soldier who fought primarily against Ottoman and Arab pirates from present day Morocco and Algeria who attacked Portuguese ships along the late XVII and early XVIII centuries
  • Gonçalo Mendes de Brito [pt]: Portuguese jurist active in Ameixoeira between 1685 and 1690
  • Bartolomeu Nunes Holtreman [pt] (1725-1781): Portuguese landowner of Flemish descent
  • Jacinto Heliodoro de Aguiar Loureiro [pt] (1806 - ): Portuguese journalist, playwright and writer
  • Manuel Gaspar de Almeida Noronha Portugal Camões de Albuquerque Moniz e Sousa [pt] (1845-1901): Portuguese nobleman, founder of Albergue das Crianças Abandonadas, a shelter for abandoned children
  • Júlio de Castilho [pt] (1840-1919): Portuguese journalist, poet , writer and politician who distinguished himself as an olisipographer, publishing several works on the city of Lisbon and assembling an important personal collection of documents on the subject, now deposited in the National Library of Lisbon
  • Carlos Fortes (1994): Portuguese footballer

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