Voiceless epiglottal trill
| Voiceless pharyngeal trill (voiceless epiglottal fricative) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʜ | |||
| IPA Number | 172 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʜ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+029C | ||
| X-SAMPA | H\ | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
The voiceless epiglottal or pharyngeal trill, or voiceless epiglottal fricative,[1] is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʜ⟩, a small capital version of the Latin letter h, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is H\.
The glyph is homoglyphic with the lowercase Cyrillic letter En (н).
Features
Features of the voiceless epiglottal trill/fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is trill, which means it is produced by directing air over an articulator so that it vibrates.
- Its place of articulation is epiglottal, which means it is articulated with the aryepiglottic folds against the epiglottis.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agul[2] | мехӏ | [mɛʜ] | 'whey' | ||
| Amis[3] | tihi | [tiʜiʔ] | 'spouse' | The epiglottal consonants in Amis have proven hard to describe, with some describing it not as epiglottal, but a pharyngeal fricative or even as a uvular consonant. See Amis Phonology | |
| Arabic[4] | Iraqi[5] | حَي | [ʜaj] | 'alive' | Corresponds to /ħ/ (ح) in Standard Arabic. See Arabic phonology |
| Bengali | খড় | [ʜↄɾ] | 'straw' | Often debuccalized or phonetically realised as /x/. Corresponds to /kʰ/ in standard dialect. See Bengali phonology | |
| Chechen | хьо | [ʜʷɔ] | 'you' | ||
| Dahalo | [ʜaːɗo] | 'arrow' | |||
| Haida | x̱ants | [ʜʌnt͡s] | 'shadow' | ||
| Somali[6] | xoor | [ʜoːɾ] | 'bubble' | Realization of /ħ/ for some speakers.[6] See Somali phonology | |
See also
Notes
- ^ John Esling (2010) "Phonetic Notation", in Hardcastle, Laver & Gibbon (eds) The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences, 2nd ed., p 695.
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:167–168)
- ^ * Maddieson, Ian; Wright, Richard (October 1995). "The Vowels and Consonants of Amis — A Preliminary Phonetic Report" (PDF). Fieldwork Studies of Targeted Languages III. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics Volume 91. pp. 45–65.
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:167–168)
- ^ Zeki Hassan, John Esling, Scott Moisik, & lise Crevier-Buchman (2011) "Aryepiglottic trilled variants of /ʕ, ħ/ in Iraqi Arabic". Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (pp. 831–834), Hong Kong.
- ^ a b Gabbard, Kevin M. (2010). A Phonological Analysis of Somali and the Guttural Consonants (PDF) (BA Linguistics Honors Thesis). The Ohio State University. p. 14.
References
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-19815-6